Genus Smenospongia: Untapped Treasure of Biometabolites—Biosynthesis, Synthesis, and Bioactivities

Abstract

Marine sponges continue to attract remarkable attention as one of the richest pools of bioactive metabolites in the marine environment. The genus Smenospongia (order Dictyoceratida, family Thorectidae) sponges can produce diverse classes of metabolites with unique and unusual chemical skeletons, including terpenoids (sesqui-, di-, and sesterterpenoids), indole alkaloids, aplysinopsins, bisspiroimidazolidinones, chromenes, γ-pyrones, phenyl alkenes, naphthoquinones, and polyketides that possessed diversified bioactivities. This review provided an overview of the reported metabolites from Smenospongia sponges, including their biosynthesis, synthesis, and bioactivities in the period from 1980 to June 2022. The structural characteristics and diverse bioactivities of these metabolites could attract a great deal of attention from natural-product chemists and pharmaceuticals seeking to develop these metabolites into medicine for the treatment and prevention of certain health concerns.

Marine natural products

“…454,455 Complex tropolone-containing triterpenoid gukulenin B has also been prepared. 456 Reviews of MNPs from class Demospongiae, 457 the genera Agelas, 458 Oceanapia, 459 Smenospongia, 460 and the species Dactylospongia elegans have been published, 461 as have summaries of the development of the bengamides as antibiotics, 462 the quintessential alkaloid aaptamine, 463 and the scalaranes, a common class of sponge sesterterpenoid. 464 High-throughput screening (HTS) of 3764 marine-derived fractions has identied macrolide leiodolide A as a potent anti-Cryptosporidium agent with high selectivity for the parasite over mammalian cell lines.…”

“…Reviews of MNPs from class Demospongiae, 457 the genera Agelas , 458 Oceanapia , 459 Smenospongia , 460 and the species Dactylospongia elegans have been published, 461 as have summaries of the development of the bengamides as antibiotics, 462 the quintessential alkaloid aaptamine, 463 and the scalaranes, a common class of sponge sesterterpenoid. 464…”

Fungal Bergamotane Sesquiterpenoids—Potential Metabolites: Sources, Bioactivities, and Biosynthesis

“…Among the various marine microbes, fungi are a superabundant and ecologically substantial component of marine microbiota [3]. Fungi are one of nature's treasures that inhabit various environments on the earth's surface, including the marine environment [4][5][6][7]. They play a growing relevant role in drug development and biomedicine research, either directly as drugs or indirectly as lead structures for bio-inspired drug synthesis [8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…They play a growing relevant role in drug development and biomedicine research, either directly as drugs or indirectly as lead structures for bio-inspired drug synthesis [8][9][10][11][12]. In the last decades, natural product chemists and pharmacologists have turned their research interests to marine-derived fungi, which are renowned as a vast unexploited reservoir of metabolic diverseness and found to have the capability to produce structurally unique bio-metabolites [6,7,[12][13][14][15][16]. Furthermore, research on fungiderived metabolites has tremendously increased because of the need for compounds with potential economical values and pharmaceutical applications.…”