Geo-spatial high-risk clusters of Tuberculosis in the global general population: a systematic review

Abstract

Introduction The objective of this systematic review is to identify tuberculosis (TB) high-risk among the general population globally. The review was conducted using the following steps: elaboration of the research question, search for relevant publications, selection of studies found, data extraction, analysis, and evidence synthesis. Methods The studies included were those published in English, from original research, presented findings relevant to tuberculosis high-risk across the globe, published between 2017 and 2023, and were based on geospatial analysis of TB. Two reviewers independently selected the articles and were blinded to each other`s comments. The resultant disagreement was resolved by a third blinded reviewer. For bibliographic search, controlled and free vocabularies that address the question to be investigated were used. The searches were carried out on PubMed, LILACS, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science. and Google Scholar. Results A total of 79 published articles with a 40-year study period between 1982 and 2022 were evaluated. Based on the 79 studies, more than 40% of all countries that have carried out geospatial analysis of TB were from Asia, followed by South America with 23%, Africa had about 15%, and others with 2% and 1%. Various maps were used in the various studies and the most used is the thematic map (32%), rate map (26%), map of temporal tendency (20%), and others like the kernel density map (6%). The characteristics of the high-risk and the factors that affect the hotspot’s location are evident through studies related to poor socioeconomic conditions constituting (39%), followed by high population density (17%), climate-related clustering (15%), high-risk spread to neighbouring cities (13%), unstable and non-random cluster (11%). Conclusion There exist specific high-risk for TB which are areas that are related to low socioeconomic conditions and spectacular weather conditions, these areas when well-known will be easy targets for intervention by policymakers. We recommend that more studies making use of spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal analysis be carried out to point out territories and populations that are vulnerable to TB.

Barriers That Interfere with Access to Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment across Countries Globally: A Systematic Review

“…Socioeconomic factor is not a new barrier to TB diagnosis and treatment, and several studies 57,50 have reported this. It has been highlighted several times that people living in poor socioeconomic conditions have more cases of TB, difficulties in testing/diagnosis, as well as treatment and follow up.…”

Influential Factors of Tuberculosis Notification Rates in Turkey: A Provincial-Level Spatial Analysis

“…A systematic review of 79 geospatial studies found that 39% of them reported high-burden spots associated with poor socioeconomic conditions. 15 However, this situation may not align with Turkey’s context, as West Marmara Region provinces boast relatively high economic status, ranking in the top 25 in GDP and within the top 50 according to the income and wealth index. The high TB burden in these regions may be attributable to their healthcare and surveillance capacity.…”

The Impact of the Seasonal and Geographical Distribution of Tuberculosis in Sicily: A 6-Year Retrospective Study (2018–2023)

“…Our results are in accordance with prior studies that reported that urbanization can increase the risk of TB transmission compared to rural areas with low population density [ 45 , 46 ]. Further exploration of additional variables, such as sociodemographic factors, geographical locations, and seasonality, may help our comprehension of the relationship between these factors and the distribution of TB cases [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ].…”