Geocentric Changes of the Mean Sea Level of the Baltic Sea from Altimeter and Tide Gauge Data

Sea Level Rise and Future Projections in the Baltic Sea

“…This shows that the sea level rise of the Baltic Sea is similar to the global sea level rise for the same period, though the sea level has not always risen at the same rate. Acceleration of sea level rise has been detected in the latter decades of the 20th century, which is also indicated by Dailidienė et al [56] and Łyszkowicz, Bernatowicz [57]. For example, Dailidienė et al [56] found, based on the data of tide gauges, that in the years 1961-2002, the sea level rose in all tide gauges in Lithuania by about 3.0 mm/yr, while an average sea level rise was 1.3 mm /yr for the entire 20th century.…”

“…For example, Dailidienė et al [56] found, based on the data of tide gauges, that in the years 1961-2002, the sea level rose in all tide gauges in Lithuania by about 3.0 mm/yr, while an average sea level rise was 1.3 mm /yr for the entire 20th century. Łyszkowicz and Bernatowicz [57] found that sea level rise in 1960-2017 was 3.09 mm/yr based on tide gauges, which they compared to sea level rise based on satellite altimetry (Table 2). The relative sea level measured at tide gauges is affected by vertical movements of the ground, which can be both local deformations and post-glacial land uplift.…”

“…Table 2 shows that data from all main satellite altimetry missions have been used in various studies, such as TOPEX-Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2, ERS-1, ERS-2, Envisat, SARAL, Cryosat-2, Sentinel-3A, and Sentinel-3B. Studies using satellite altimetry data from 1993 to 2019 have found that the mean sea level rise in the Baltic Sea is between 3.3 and 4.1 mm/yr [43,57,[60][61][62]. In addition, Madsen et al [43] constructed sea level rise by combining data from century-long tide gauge records with results from hydrodynamic modeling based on atmospheric reanalysis data.…”

Long-Term and Decadal Sea-Level Trends of the Baltic Sea Using Along-Track Satellite Altimetry

“…The time span examined for this study is from 1995 to 2022 and the study region is the section of the Baltic Sea where the best quality SA data (with lower land contamination and sea-ice concentration) is available (mainly over Baltic Proper area). The SA-derived sea level trend estimates are verified by using a larger amount of TG stations, as compared to previous studies (e.g., [41,[43][44][45]49]). The aim of this study is to: (i) to develop a method for estimating the regional decadal and long-term (almost 3 decades) sea level linear trends from instantaneous SA measurements, (ii) compare the corresponding regional ASL and RSL trends, (iii) inter-comparison of various SA derived trend estimates from different approaches/datasets that consists of (a) investigating whether the distance to coast affects the SA trend estimation, (b) comparison of trend estimates of different SA mission orbit constellations, and (c) comparisons between the various existing gridded and averaged SA data-product (3 models) trends vs. instantaneous SA data (this study) derived sea level trend.…”

“…A realistic analysis of sea level trends and their uncertainty over the Baltic Sea region is very topical and highly important, which could help to make a reliable prediction of the long-term trend in sea level over this region. Previous studies have shown the Baltic Sea RSL trend between 1-3 mm/yr [40][41][42][43][44][45][46] and ASL rates between 3-6 mm/yr [29,[44][45][46][47]. Thus, there is a wide range of variation amongst studies for different time spans and locations are utilized.…”