“…Additionally, the weak association between the cations in the surface water with Clˉ was observed. Similar to this work surface water and groundwater of river Munda Basin was studied and the results are in line with the present study 56 . Figure 11 Hydrologic processes, statistical analyses of the correlations between ( a ) Ca 2+ vs HCO 3 - ( b ) Na 2+ vs. HCO 3 - ( c ) Mg 2+ vs. HCO 3 - ( d ) HCO 3 - + Cl - vs. Na + + Mg 2+ + Ca 2+ ( e ) Mg 2+ vs. Ca 2+ ( f ) Na 2+ vs. Cl - ( g ) Ca 2+ vs. Na 2+ ( h ) Ca 2+ vs. Cl - & ( i ) Ma 2+ vs. Cl - .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…Meanwhile Fig. 13 b shows that the plot for (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ ) vs HCO 3 ˉrepresents that the water samples have fallen below the 1:1 equiline which suggested that in all the locations silicate weathering impacts waterdominantly.If these points fall on or above the divider line, it indicates that HCO 3 ˉ in the surface water is controlled by alkaline earth metals as well as carbonate lithology 47 , 52 , 56 . Moreover, (SO 4 2 ˉ + Cl - ) vs HCO 3 ˉscattered plot is shown in Fig.…”
In this study,the water samples were collected from 31 sites of Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, India (North-Eastern Himalaya), during the winter season to check the suitability of water for drinking and irrigation purposes.The study scientifically demonstrates the estimation of Water quality index (WQI) andhydrogeochemical characteristics of surface water samples by utilizing multivariate statistical methods. The main water quality parameters considered for this study were TDS, conductivity, salinity, pH, hardness, cations and anions. WQI was calculated in order to find out the deviation in the water quality parameters particularly with respect to BIS permissible limits.The major influencing factors responsible for the variation in these parameters were derived by using Principal component analysis (PCA) and Correlation matrix.To check the suitability of water for drinking purpose, hydrogeochemical facies and rock water interaction was derived by using well established methods such as Piper Plot (determine water type), WQI (Quality monitoring), and saturation index (for mineral dissolution). The results revealed that the silicate weathering was the main ionic source in comparison to carbonate weathering which is due to the higher dissolution capacity of silicate minerals.The results of the scattered plot between (Ca2+ + Mg2+)–(HCO3ˉ + SO42ˉ) versus (Na+ + K+)–Clˉ (meq/L) highlighted thation exchange occurs between Mg2+ and Ca2+ofsurface water with Na+ and K+of rock /soil. This means that calcium ion was getting adsorbed, and sodium ion was getting released. The Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3ˉ, Na+–HCO3ˉand Na+–Clˉ type of surface water suggested permanent and temporary hardness respectively in the studied region. The dominant cations of this study were Na+ and Ca2+ while the dominant anions were HCO3ˉ and SO42ˉ. In order to check the suitability of water sources for irrigation, parameters like, Magnesium hazard (MH), Total hardness (TH), Permeability Index (PI), Kelly Index (KI), Sodium adsorption rate (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%), and Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were determined. The results showed that 93% of the samples had PI score < 75, which indicates the suitability of the water for irrigation. Also the WQI calculation showed an average WQI value of 82.49, amongst which 61% samples were in the range of 0–50 being considered as good for drinking, while 39% were catageorised as unsuitable for drinking showing a value of > 50. Hence the above findings reveal that geogenic activities play a major role in influencing the water quality of Tawang region. Hence suitable water treatment technologies or methods might be used to eliminate thenon desirable elements and minerals present in surface water.
“…Additionally, the weak association between the cations in the surface water with Clˉ was observed. Similar to this work surface water and groundwater of river Munda Basin was studied and the results are in line with the present study 56 . Figure 11 Hydrologic processes, statistical analyses of the correlations between ( a ) Ca 2+ vs HCO 3 - ( b ) Na 2+ vs. HCO 3 - ( c ) Mg 2+ vs. HCO 3 - ( d ) HCO 3 - + Cl - vs. Na + + Mg 2+ + Ca 2+ ( e ) Mg 2+ vs. Ca 2+ ( f ) Na 2+ vs. Cl - ( g ) Ca 2+ vs. Na 2+ ( h ) Ca 2+ vs. Cl - & ( i ) Ma 2+ vs. Cl - .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…Meanwhile Fig. 13 b shows that the plot for (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ ) vs HCO 3 ˉrepresents that the water samples have fallen below the 1:1 equiline which suggested that in all the locations silicate weathering impacts waterdominantly.If these points fall on or above the divider line, it indicates that HCO 3 ˉ in the surface water is controlled by alkaline earth metals as well as carbonate lithology 47 , 52 , 56 . Moreover, (SO 4 2 ˉ + Cl - ) vs HCO 3 ˉscattered plot is shown in Fig.…”
In this study,the water samples were collected from 31 sites of Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, India (North-Eastern Himalaya), during the winter season to check the suitability of water for drinking and irrigation purposes.The study scientifically demonstrates the estimation of Water quality index (WQI) andhydrogeochemical characteristics of surface water samples by utilizing multivariate statistical methods. The main water quality parameters considered for this study were TDS, conductivity, salinity, pH, hardness, cations and anions. WQI was calculated in order to find out the deviation in the water quality parameters particularly with respect to BIS permissible limits.The major influencing factors responsible for the variation in these parameters were derived by using Principal component analysis (PCA) and Correlation matrix.To check the suitability of water for drinking purpose, hydrogeochemical facies and rock water interaction was derived by using well established methods such as Piper Plot (determine water type), WQI (Quality monitoring), and saturation index (for mineral dissolution). The results revealed that the silicate weathering was the main ionic source in comparison to carbonate weathering which is due to the higher dissolution capacity of silicate minerals.The results of the scattered plot between (Ca2+ + Mg2+)–(HCO3ˉ + SO42ˉ) versus (Na+ + K+)–Clˉ (meq/L) highlighted thation exchange occurs between Mg2+ and Ca2+ofsurface water with Na+ and K+of rock /soil. This means that calcium ion was getting adsorbed, and sodium ion was getting released. The Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3ˉ, Na+–HCO3ˉand Na+–Clˉ type of surface water suggested permanent and temporary hardness respectively in the studied region. The dominant cations of this study were Na+ and Ca2+ while the dominant anions were HCO3ˉ and SO42ˉ. In order to check the suitability of water sources for irrigation, parameters like, Magnesium hazard (MH), Total hardness (TH), Permeability Index (PI), Kelly Index (KI), Sodium adsorption rate (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%), and Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were determined. The results showed that 93% of the samples had PI score < 75, which indicates the suitability of the water for irrigation. Also the WQI calculation showed an average WQI value of 82.49, amongst which 61% samples were in the range of 0–50 being considered as good for drinking, while 39% were catageorised as unsuitable for drinking showing a value of > 50. Hence the above findings reveal that geogenic activities play a major role in influencing the water quality of Tawang region. Hence suitable water treatment technologies or methods might be used to eliminate thenon desirable elements and minerals present in surface water.
“…The temperature difference may be partly due to the increase in air temperature in the dry season and decreasing in the rainy season. A previous study showed that any change in land cover, depth, and disturbance of runoff could cause temperature fluctuation [34]. In addition, temperature fluctuation depends on the time of the sampling.…”
Section: Water Quality Characteristics Of Tien Giang Province In 2019mentioning
This study was carried out to understand how land use patterns influence surface water quality in Tien Giang Province using remote sensing and statistical approaches. Surface water quality data were collected at 34 locations with the frequency of four times (March, June, September, and November) in 2019. Water quality parameters were used in the analysis, including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium (N-NH4+), nitrite (N-NO2−), nitrate (N-NO3−), sulfate (SO42−), orthophosphate (P-PO43−), chloride (Cl−), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and coliform. The relationship between land use patterns and water quality was analyzed using geographic information techniques (GIS), remote sensing (RS), statistical approaches (cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and Krustal–Wallis), and weighted entropy. The results showed water quality was impaired by total suspended solids, nutrients (N-NH4+, N-NO2−, P-PO43−), organic matters (BOD, COD), and ions (Cl− and SO42−). Kruskal–Wallis analysis results showed that all water quality parameters in the water bodies in Tien Giang Province were seasonally fluctuated, except for BOD and TN. The highest levels of water pollutants were found mostly in the dry season (March and June). The majority of the land in the study area was used for rice cultivation (40.64%) and residential (27.51%). Water quality in the study area was classified into nine groups corresponding to five combined land use patterns comprising residential–aquaculture, residential–rice cultivation, residential–perennials, residential–rice–perennial, and residential–rice–perennial crops–aquacultural. The concentrations of the water pollutants (TSS, DO, BOD, COD, N-NH4+, N-NO2−, Cl−, and coliform) in the locations with aquaculture land use patterns (Clusters 1 and 2) were significantly larger than those of the remaining land use patterns. PCA analysis presented that most of the current water quality monitoring parameters had a great impact on water quality in the water bodies. The entropy weight showed that TSS, N-NO2−, and coliform are the most important water quality parameters due to residential–aquaculture and residential–rice cultivation; EC, DO, N-NH4+, N-NO2−, Cl−, and coliform were the significant variables for the land use type of residential–perennial crops; N-NO2−, P-PO43−, and coliform for the land use pattern of residential–rice cultivation–perennial crops) and N-NH4+, N-NO2−, Cl−, and coliform for the land use pattern of residential–rice cultivation–perennial crops–aquaculture. The current findings showed that that surface water quality has been influenced by the complex land use patterns in which residential and rice cultivation may have major roles in causing water impairment. The results of the water quality assessment and the variation in water properties of the land use patterns found in this study provide scientific evidence for future water quality management.
“…In this scenario, the quality of groundwater has become a major concern throughout the globe. Several studies were attempted by researchers universally to establish the quality of groundwater for various purposes (Wu et al 2015;Asare et al 2016;Singh et al 2015;Nag and Lahiri 2012;Lakshmanan et al 2003;Srinivasamoorthy et al 2009;Gopinath et al 2014;Sridharan and Senthil Nathan 2017;Kattan 2018;Iqbal et al 2018;Sefie et al 2018;Reddy et al 2019;Shamsuddin et al 2019).…”
Coastal areas provide the largest avenue for human settlement worldwide. Among the different sources of water, groundwater comes under the most exploited for domestic, agriculture as well as industrial purposes. The present study is aimed to evaluate the hydrochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater. A total of 132 groundwater samples were collected during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons and analyzed for major and minor ions, and the results were used to evaluate water quality parameters like sodium absorption ratio, magnesium absorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, permeability index and residual sodium carbonate to establish water quality for various utilities. Groundwater samples show acidic to alkaline nature; dominant cations reported were in the order of Na + > Ca 2+ > K + > Mg 2+ and dominant anions Cl − > HCO 3 − > SO 4 2−. The hardness of water ranges from soft to very hard. The major water types noted were CaHCO 3 , NaHCO 3 , CaCl 2 , mixed CaNaHCO 3 and NaCl. Based on electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and total hardness majority of the samples are appropriate for consumption and domestic utilities with few exceptions. Computed parameters reveal that a majority of the groundwater samples are suitable for agricultural purposes. The Gibbs plot reveals that interaction between rock and water is the major mechanism controlling groundwater chemistry in the study area. Multivariate statistical analyses such as correlation analysis and principal component analysis were carried out for better understanding and classification of water quality and factors which control the groundwater chemistry.
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