Geochemical characterization of source rocks and oils from northern Iraq: Insights from biomarker and stable carbon isotope investigations

Diasty, W. Sh. El; Beialy, Salah Y. El; Mahdi, Adnan Q.; Peters, Kenneth E.

doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.07.019

Cited by 31 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…To highlight the aliphatic/aromatic isotopic shift in the investigated samples, the MV δ 13 C signature was compared to the other hydrocarbon-spiked sediment signatures [24][25][26][27] . The results of this procedure underlined an overall δ 13 C shift towards aromatic petroleum fractions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mud volcanoes and the presence of PAHs

Remizovschi

Carpa

Forray

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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A mud volcano (MV) is a naturally hydrocarbon-spiked environment, as indicated by the presence of various quantities of PAHs and aromatic isotopic shifts in its sediments. Recurrent expulsion of various hydrocarbons consolidates the growth of hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the areas around MVs. In addition to the widely-known availability of biologically malleable alkanes, MVs can represent hotbeds of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well -an aspect that has not been previously explored. This study measured the availability of highly recalcitrant PAHs and the isotopic signature of MV sediments both by Gc-MS and δ 13 C analyses. Subsequently, this study highlighted both the occurrence and distribution of putative pAH-degrading bacterial otUs using a metabarcoding technique. The putative hydrocarbonoclastic taxa incidence are the following: Enterobacteriaceae (31.5%), Methylobacteriaceae (19.9%), Bradyrhizobiaceae (16.9%), Oxalobacteraceae (10.2%), Comamonadaceae (7.6%) and Sphingomonadaceae (5.5%). Cumulatively, the results of this study indicate that MVs represent polyaromatic hydrocarbonoclastic hotbeds, as defined by both natural PAH input and high incidence of putative PAH-degrading bacterial OTUs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Histograms of (MV) mud volcano stable carbon isotope values. Values of saturated and aromatic fractions extracted from various crude oil spiked sediments[24][25][26][27] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mud volcanoes and the presence of PAHs

Remizovschi

Carpa

Forray

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Mahdi [5] determined the depositional conditions of the formation from several oil fields in northern Iraq as distal suboxic to anoxic basin. However, another work [13] considered the Balambo Formation as of little potentiality in northern Iraq. Recently, Sarraj and Mohialdeen [14] studied the formation in three sections in Kurdistan Region and they concluded that the formation is deposited in deep marine-bathyal environment with anoxic to suboxic conditions.…”

Section: Sarraj and Mohialdeenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deposition of radiolarian chert began in the Tithonian time in southeast Turkey (Karadut Complex) and northeast Iraq (Qulqula Group) [10]. The opening of the Southern Neo-Tethys led to the drifting away of a narrow microcontinent; a new passive margin was formed along the NE margin of the Arabian Plate [13]. During Berriasian -Albian subsidence, carbonate platform margins aggraded and locally prograded into the Balambo-Garau Basin; up to 1500 m of carbonates with significant Berriasian-Hauterivian and Albian siliciclastic intervals were deposited [1,10].…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Geochemistry and Thermal Maturity Assessment of Cretaceous Balambo Formation from Selected Sites, Kurdistan, NE Iraq

Sarraj

Mohialdeen

2021

eijs

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The Cretaceous Balambo Formation from three sections in Kurdistan Region of Northern Iraq was studied. The selected sections are located in the Zagros Fold -Thrust Belt. Eleven rock samples were analyzed by means of the organic geochemical method, Bitumen extraction method, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine the bitumen and hydrocarbon content, kerogen types, origin of organic matter, thermal maturity level, and depositional environment. The analyzed samples are considered to have an excellent potential in Baranan-1.G1 and Sazan sections, with poor to fair potential in Baraw section. The Baranan-1.G1 source rocks are of type II kerogen (oil prone), whereas Sazan and Baraw samples are of type II/III (oil/ gas prone). Detailed distribution analysis of biomarkers such as normal alkane, isoprenoids, sterane and terpane was performed on saturated hydrocarbons. The mode of n-alkanes and isoprenoids distribution in all analyzed samples is similar, with a unimodal distribution that indicates non-biodegraded hydrocarbons, with the same range of alkane compounds between C13-C34 alkanes. The results of n-C17, pristane, n-C18 and phytane, and regular steranes show that the source rocks of Balambo Formation in Baranan-1.G1 are mainly rich with algal marine organic matter deposited under a reducing environment, while Baraw and Sazan sections are composed of mixed marine organic matter that refers to terrestrial land plants input deposited under reducing anoxic/dysoxic environments. Thermal maturation appraisal is deduced from Pristane/n-C17 versus Phytane/n-C18 diagram, Carbon Preference Index (CPI), C29 ββ/ (ββ+αα), C29 20S/ (20S +20R), C32 22S/ (22S+22R), and Ts/ (Ts+Tm). All these parameters indicate that the analyzed samples are mature and have entered the oil window (early to peak oil window). Biomarker ratios of C22/C21, C24/C23 and C26/C25, C31R/C30H show that the Balambo Formation is composed mostly of carbonates with less shale beds.

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“…The dominant proved hydrocarbons were expelled from organic rich shale and carbonate rocks of Triassic and Jurassic formations and entrapped in the heterogeneous and highly fractured carbonate reservoir rocks of the Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks in Zagros folded belt [8,9,10 ]. The investigated source rocks have variable potentiality and distinctive geochemical properties [11,12,13]. Besides of the source rock potentiality behaviors of the Triassic-Jurassic rocks throughout the Kurdistan region fields, these successions are considered as a productive reservoir rocks including the Upper Triassic Kurra Chine Formation in Shaikan Field [14] Jurassic Barsarin, Sargelu, Alan, Mus, Adaiyah, Butmah Formations in Atrush field [ 15] and Jurassic Sargelu, Mus and Butmah formations in the Shaikan Field [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reservoir Productivity Analysis of Intercalated limestone and Anhydrite Beds in Zagros Folded Belt, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Rashid¹

2020

KJAR

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The Early Jurassic rock of Alan Formation in Barda Rash field has been examined using petrophysical wireline log analysis, drilling stem test, mud logging reports, drilling cutting and core samples for evaluation of reservoir potentiality and fluid production throughout heterogeneous rocks intervals in three exploration and appraisal wells. The Alan Formation consists of intercalation of light, chalky and argillaceous limestone beds with shale layers in the upper part and dominantly anhydrite layers from the middle to the lower parts of the formation. Qualitatively, weak oil shows of light brown to dark brown and blackish heavy oil have been observed while drilling. Furthermore, light brown trace oil has been recorded in the fracture surfaces of the core samples. The wireline log analysis provided an overestimated result for the hydrocarbon bearing interval identification and fluid movability index as the anhydrite layers confused the fluid distribution detection in the drilled interval. However, the combined results achieved from the mud logging reports and drilling stem tests were operated within the drilled intervals shown a limited productivity levels from the limestone beds of the Early Jurassic Alan Formation. The oil production from the studied interval does not exceed 10% and the entire production rates were composed of formation water with a trace amount of gases. As a result, the Early Jurassic Alan Formation can be considered as a tight carbonate reservoir rocks in the Barda Rash field.

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Geochemical characterization of source rocks and oils from northern Iraq: Insights from biomarker and stable carbon isotope investigations

Cited by 31 publications

References 41 publications

Mud volcanoes and the presence of PAHs

Mud volcanoes and the presence of PAHs

Organic Geochemistry and Thermal Maturity Assessment of Cretaceous Balambo Formation from Selected Sites, Kurdistan, NE Iraq

Reservoir Productivity Analysis of Intercalated limestone and Anhydrite Beds in Zagros Folded Belt, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

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