Geochemical distribution and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of an industrial area and its surroundings, Haridwar, India

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess environmental risk due to heavy metals such as cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in the groundwater around integrated industrial estate (IIE) Haridwar. Index of geo-accumulation (I geo) values showed Cr contamination in groundwater of both the industrial areas. The quantification of contamination index showed that anthropogenic causes were source of contamination of all metals. Contamination factor showed that contamination levels in the study area ranged from low contamination to moderate contamination. Pollution linked index (PLI) values were highest in Bahadrabad old industrial area [ Shivalik Nagar [ commercial area [ IIE Haridwar = Aneki [ RNP. Ecological risk index (ERI) was highest in Bahadrabad old industrial area [ Shivalik Nagar [ commercial area [ IIE Haridwar [ RNP [ Aneki rural area. Values of PLI and ERI showed moderate pollution and low ecological risk due to heavy metals in the study area. Study showed that although Rajaji National Park (RNP) is a protected area, it was not free of metal contamination.

Geo-accumulation Index, Enrichment Factor and Quantification of Contamination of Heavy Metals in Soil Receiving Cassava Mill Effluents in A Rural Community in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

“…The assessment was carried out under two background scenarios viz: geometric and median mean. Authors have recommended the use of geometric mean (BGM) (Thambavani and Uma Mageswari, 2013;Bhutiani et al, 2017) and median mean (BMM) (Monakhov et al, 2015;Bhutiani et al, 2017) as background values in assessment of environmental risk. Geometric and median mean values are usually lower than the arithmetic values depending of the data distribution.…”

“…Note: Geo-accumulation index is by Muller (1969) have been widely applied by Ghaleno et al (2015), Bhutiani et al (2017), Todorova et al (2016), Improved Nemerow Index is by Forstner et al (1990) and have been applied by Guan et al (2014); while Enrichment factor is by Sutherland (2000) and have been applied by Bhutiani et al (2017) 1.3.1 Quantification of contamination or anthropogenic metals Quantification of contamination (QoC) represents the lithogenic metal (Asaah et al 2006;Bhutiani et al, 2017) and was calculated by the formula presented by Bhutiani et al (2017).…”

“…Enrichment factor (EF) is an index used to assess the level of contamination of heavy metals from both natural Molecular Soil Biology 2017, Vol.8, No.2, 7-20 http://msb.biopublisher.ca 10 and anthropogenic sources above uncontaminated background levels (Chen et al, 2007;Amin et al, 2009;Kowalska et al, 2016;Bhutiani et al, 2017;El-Metwally et al, 2017). Fe is the acceptable normalization element (Deely and Fergusson 1994;Elias and Gbadegesin, 2011;Elias et al, 2014;Kowalska et al, 2016;Bhutiani et al, 2017;Mazurek et al, 2017), hence it was used for the calculation of EF.…”

“…Fe is the acceptable normalization element (Deely and Fergusson 1994;Elias and Gbadegesin, 2011;Elias et al, 2014;Kowalska et al, 2016;Bhutiani et al, 2017;Mazurek et al, 2017), hence it was used for the calculation of EF. Authors have variously reported that iron has the highest concentration among heavy metals in cassava mill effluents (Adejumo and Ola, 2011;Olorunfemi and Lolodi, 2011;Orhue et al, 2014;Omomowo et al, 2015).…”

“…Some of these indices such as enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation factor (Igeo) and Quantification of contamination (QoC) have been applied by authors in assessing environmental risk assessment (Muller, 1969;Sutherland, 2000;Asaah et al, 2006;Elias et al, 2014;Tang et al, 2014;Vowotor et al, 2014;Ghaleno et al, 2015;Ghazaryan et al, 2015;Hassaan et al, 2016;Todorova et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2016;Bhutiani et al, 2017). Hence, this study aimed at assessing the Igeo, EF, QoC of heavy metals in soil receiving cassava mill effluents in a rural community of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.…”