“…Even if the number of dissolved species does not change, the geochemical equilibrium of the water will be disturbed because the chemical equations depend on temperature. The effects of groundwater heat pumps on the geochemistry of groundwater include the precipitation (scaling) of various minerals, especially calcite [35,36], a well-known process that occurs at extraction wells [37][38][39], and other problems include changes in the thermal budget of the aquifer, local ecology, and hydraulic gradient [40,41]. Among the geochemical parameters, basic geochemical properties, such as pH and Eh, are critically important variables that dictate fluid-rock and fluid-steel interactions in geothermal systems [42].…”