Geochemical patterns of a sheared fluorite vein, Parzan, Spanish Central Pyrenees

700 years reconstruction of mercury and lead atmospheric deposition in the Pyrenees (NE Spain)

“…The large increase in Pb accumulation rates in Lake Montcort es between CE 1841 and 1970 is similar to other western Mediterranean and Pyrenean records and shows the massive rise in Pb pollution since the onset of the Industrial Revolution (Camarero et al, 1998;Elbaz-Poulichet et al, 2011;Martínez Cortizas et al, 2012;Rosman et al, 2000;Schwikowski et al, 2004;Shotyk et al, 1998;von Gunten et al, 1997). The first phase of atmospheric fallout of anthropogenic Pb before CE 1930 (mean Pb AR 2150 mg.m 2 .yr À1 ) is the synergistic response of i) an increase in the frequency of rainfall events in the Central Pyrenees (Corella et al, 2014) enhancing Pb wet deposition; ii) increasing Pb regional emissions caused by higher production and advances in smelting techniques during the Second Industrial Revolution in Europe (CE 1870e1914) (Shotyk et al, 1998); and iii) renewed Pb mining in the Parz an area at the turn of the century (Fanlo et al, 1998). Lead isotopic studies conducted in the western Alps showed that regional and local mining, as well as smelting activities, were the dominant source of Pb pollution during this period (Rosman et al, 2000).…”

“…More than 15000 kg of lead were produced by the end of the 16th century (Nieto-Callen, 1996). The onset of large-scale Pb production started by the end of the 19 th century lasting until CE 1928, when the closure of the mines due to the decrease in Pb prices ended with the historical metal mining in this area (Calvo, 2008;Fanlo et al, 1998).…”

Geoquímica de lantánidos de los yacimientos de fluorita de los distritos mineros de Taxco y Zacualpan, sur de México: implicaciones sobre el origen y la evolución de los fluidos

“…Más recientemente la geoquímica de lantánidos en fluoritas ha sido utilizada por muchos autores como indicadora del tipo y del origen de los fluidos asociados (p. ej., Grappin y Treuil, 1979;Ruiz et al, 1980;Chatagnon y Galland, 1982;Strong et al, 1984;Jebrack et al,1985;Ekambaram et al, 1986;Constantopoulus, 1988;Eppinger y Closs, 1990;Subías et al,1994;Bau y Dulski, 1995;Fanlo et al, 1998;Bosze y Rakovan, 2002;Gagnon et al, 2003;Trinkler et al, 2005;Soussi et al, 2012;Makin et al, 2014). Esta posible utilización como mineral trazador se debe a la facilidad que presentan los átomos de Ca de la fluorita (CaF 2 ) de ser sustituidos por cationes de igual carga y radio iónico parecido.…”

Metallogenesis at the Terramonte Pb–Zn–Ag quartz vein, Portugal: Geological, mineralogical and geochemical evidences

“…He suggests that the fluids were formed from reactions of an H 2 O-NaCl fluid (derived from evaporated Devonian seawater that percolated the basement) with the metasediments (locally albite-rich, as a reaction product). Subías and Fernández-Nieto (1995), Subías et al (1997Subías et al ( , 1998Subías et al ( , 2010, Fanlo et al (1998) and Billström et al (2003) studied several Pb-Zn-F-(Ba) vein deposits in the Pyrenees and concluded that they formed at low temperature (100-200°C) from high-salinity fluids derived from basinal brines or basement leaching, and that deposition was caused by one or more of the following mechanisms: cooling, changes in the pH/oxidation state of the fluid, mixing of different fluids and interactions with reactive lithologies. Marques de Sá and Noronha (2011) studied the Braçal Pb-Zn-Ag vein (Aveiro, Portugal) and concluded that the ores were probably deposited following a mixture of high salinity aqueous fluids (up to 23% wt.% eq.…”