Geochemical processes and nutrient uptake by plants in hydric soils

Abstract

Abstract-Soil reduction caused by flooding has profound effects on species adaptation and mineral nutrition of higher plants. Anaerobic conditions inhibit normal root respiration of higher plants. Alternate metabolic pathways may be utilized in combination with the development of anatomical characteristics that result in the internal movement of oxygen to the roots. Soil organisms use other oxidants when the oxygen supply is interrupted, which results in profound changes in oxidative states of many metals and nonmetals, and changes in soil reaction and conductivity. The products of reduction are primarily nitrogen gas, manganous manganese, ferrous iron, sulfide sulfur, methane, and organic acids. These reduction products alter the availability of soil nutrients and can drastically alter the soil acidity. Plant-soil interactions on flooded soils can sometimes be altered, as has been demonstrated by the use of phosphorus fertilizer on southern pine and zinc on rice.

Molecular and physiological responses of trees to waterlogging stress

“…This can lead to a reduced abundance of oxidized nutrients (e.g. NO3 − , SO4 2− , Fe 3+ ) and elevated levels of reduced compounds, such as Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , H2S, NH4 + and organic compounds (alkanes, acids, carbonyls, etc), which can be toxic for plants (Ponnamperuma 1972(Ponnamperuma , 1984McKee & McKevlin 1993;Snowden & Wheeler 1993;Lucassen et al 2000Lucassen et al , 2002Jackson & Colmer 2005). The velocity and extent of the changes of soil physicochemical properties depends on soil type, the duration of the waterlogging event, prevailing environmental conditions (such as temperature) and the type of flooding or waterlogging (Drew 1997;Kozlowski 1997).…”

“…This can lead to a reduced abundance of oxidized nutrients (e.g. NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , Fe 3+ ) and elevated levels of reduced compounds, such as Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , H 2 S, NH 4 + and organic compounds (alkanes, acids, carbonyls, etc), which can be toxic for plants (Ponnamperuma , ; McKee & McKevlin ; Snowden & Wheeler ; Lucassen et al . , ; Jackson & Colmer ).…”

Evaluation and development of flood‐tolerant soybean cultivars

“…After the soil was flooded, the environment became hypoxic and later anoxic and plant growth was affected by lack of oxygen (Armstrong, ; Bailey‐Serres & Voesenek, ; Blom & Voesenek, ; Vartapetian & Jackson, ; Voesenek, Rijnders, Peeters, Van de Steeg, & De Kroon, ; Wegner, ). Additionally, the flooded soils decreased redox potential and increased the accumulation of various soil phytotoxins such as sulphides, soluble Fe and Mn, ethanol, lactic acid, carboxylic acids, acetaldehyde and acetic and formic acid (Fiedler, Vepraskas, & Richardson, ; Kozlowski, ; McKee & McKevlin, ; Pezeshki, ; Pezeshki & DeLaune, ; Ponnamperuma, ). Furthermore, flooded soils improved the growth and infection of diseases such as Phytophthora root rot and Pythium which were harmful to plant growth (Bowers & Russin, ).…”

Flooding tolerance in halophytes

“…320 000 times less when soil pores are filled with water than when they are gas‐filled (Armstrong & Drew, 2002). In addition to O 2 deficiency in flooded soils, other compounds and ions that influence plant growth can accumulate, such as CO 2 , ethylene, Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , S 2− and carboxylic acids (Ponnamperuma, 1984; McKee & McKevlin, 1993; Greenway et al ., 2006). Furthermore, when completely submerged (e.g.…”