Geochemistry of rare earth elements in cobalt-rich crusts from the Mid-Pacific M seamount

Cui, Yingchun; Liu, Jihua; Ren, Xiaomin; Shi, Xuefa

doi:10.1016/s1002-0721(08)60214-8

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…ferrihydrite showed usually higher contents of Ba, Cl − and Mg, but with the lowest values of incorporated structural water. (3); "vein" in central part with remnant filling of nontronite, glauconite and celadonite; (4, 5) Fe-rich colomorphs of Ti-rich feroxyhyte-ferrihydrite; (7,8) lamellae (up to 5μm) of vernadite; (9) massive vernadite with wavy and grainy texture and increased Ti content; (c) thick vernadite (1) with higher content of Co (>0.6%) and Ti (>1%); (2) Ni-Cu asbolane (~10 μm) with Ni (>3,5%), Cu (>1%), Zn (>0,5%) increased Mg content and depleted with P, Co and Ti; (3) Fe-chlorites depleted with metals; traces of alteration; (4) small lamellae of asbolane (~μm) with Ni + Cu + (Zn) content >4%; (5) mixed group of vernadite and asbolane, slightly depleted with metals; (6) asbolane with Ni + Cu + (Zn) content >5% and increased Mg content; (7) bright laminae of Mnrich asbolane slightly depleted with metals and Mg; (8) asbolane depleted with metals (~2%); (9) crushed grain of non-identified Fe-Si-Ti rich mineral; (d) small aggregate-core (1) of Ni-(Cu) asbolane with amount of Ni + Cu + Zn (~4%) and increased Mg content; asbolane (2,3) showing metal depletion down to 2.5%; asbolane (4) with high content of Ni + Cu + Zn (4.5%) and Mg, depleted with alkali metals; sequence of asbolane laminae (5)(6)(7)(8) showing increase of ∑(Ni, Cu, Zn) content (>5%); zeolite (heulandite-clinoptilolite) (1) with higher content of Co (>0.6%) and Ti (>1%); (2) Ni-Cu asbolane (~10 µm) with Ni (>3.5%), Cu (>1%), Zn (>0.5%) increased Mg content and depleted with P, Co and Ti;…”

Section: Epmamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(3) Fe-chlorites depleted with metals; traces of alteration; (4) small lamellae of asbolane (~µm) with Ni + Cu + (Zn) content >4%; (5) mixed group of vernadite and asbolane, slightly depleted with metals; (6) asbolane with Ni + Cu + (Zn) content >5% and increased Mg content; (7) bright laminae of Mn-rich asbolane slightly depleted with metals and Mg; (8) asbolane depleted with metals (~2%); (9) crushed grain of non-identified Fe-Si-Ti rich mineral; (d) small aggregate-core (1) of Ni-(Cu) asbolane with amount of Ni + Cu + Zn (~4%) and increased Mg content; asbolane (2,3) showing metal depletion down to 2.5%; asbolane (4) with high content of Ni + Cu + Zn (4.5%) and Mg, depleted with alkali metals; sequence of asbolane laminae (5)(6)(7)(8) showing increase of ∑(Ni, Cu, Zn) content (>5%); zeolite (heulandite-clinoptilolite) layer (9) depleted with metals, Sr, Ba and Ca; being part of crushed-like alteration zone; Ni-Cu asbolane sequence (10)(11)(12) showing increase of metals content up to 5.2%; another sequence of Ni-Cu asbolane (13,14) showing increased metal content; (15) mixed laminae of vernadite and asbolane; higher content of Ti + Co (~1.7%) in vernadite.…”

Section: Epmamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Co-rich ferromanganese crusts formation and mineral composition have been the subject of several scientific works [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Recent discoveries from previously unstudied locations, mainly due to increase of marine research, provide new data on crusts chemistry, mineralogy, formation conditions and economic importance [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, crusts with four major layers of oxide layers have been found. The outer-and innermost are massive and show light colors, whereas the middle layer is porous and brown [5]. Some authors [26] divide phosphatized (P 2 O 5 > 0.7%) basal or relic "layer R" of Upper Cretaceous to upper Paleocene age and "layer I" as the oldest (subdivided into I-1 and I-2; Eocene) "anthracite" layer, which rests immediately on the substrate and show a very compact, massive texture and steel gray color.…”

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Mineralogy of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts from the Perth Abyssal Plain (E Indian Ocean)

et al. 2019

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Mineralogy of phosphatized and zeolitized hydrogenous cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from Dirck Hartog Ridge (DHR), the Perth Abyssal Plain (PAP), formed on an altered basaltic substrate, is described. Detail studies of crusts were conducted using optical transmitted light microscopy, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA). The major Fe-Mn mineral phases that form DHR crusts are low-crystalline vernadite, asbolane and a feroxyhyte-ferrihydrite mixture. Accessory minerals are Ca-hydroxyapatite, zeolites (Na-phillipsite, chabazite, heulandite-clinoptilolite), glauconite and several clay minerals (Fe-smectite, nontronite, celadonite) are identified in the basalt-crust border zone. The highest Ni, Cu and Co contents are observed in asbolane and Mn-(Fe) vernadite. There is significant enrichment of Ti in feroxyhyte−ferrihydrite and vernadite. The highest rare earth element (REE) content is measured in the phosphate minerals, less in phyllosilicates and Na-phillipsite. The geochemical composition of minerals in the DHR crusts supports the formation of crusts by initial alteration, phosphatization and zeolitization of the substrate basalts followed by oscillatory Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides precipitation of hydrogenous vernadite (oxic conditions) and diagenous asbolane (suboxic conditions).Minerals 2019, 9, 84 2 of 33 hydrothermal fluids), the two major types of ferromanganese crusts are distinguished: (I) hydrogenetic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts; (II) hydrothermal crusts and encrustations (sometimes called stratabound manganese oxides) [15][16][17][18]. Hydrothermal crusts that precipitate directly from low temperature hydrothermal fluids (few tens of degrees up to 200 • C), usually grow significantly faster, even up to 1600-1800 mm/Ma [19]. Ferromanganese crusts in some locations form through a combination of fluid sources and thereby exhibit a mixed origin, primarily either hydrogenetic, diagenetic or hydrothermal-hydrogenetic [15,18,20,21].Co-rich ferromanganese crusts formation is dominated by hydrogenetic processes. The precipitation from bottom waters is extremely slow, with growth rates of 1-5 mm/Ma. The thickest crusts occur in the depth interval between 800-2500 m and show the highest concentrations of critical metals [22]. Some authors limit this depth to the anoxic zone at approximate depths of 1000-1500 m. Below these depths, the thickness of crusts decrease [23][24][25].On the youngest rock outcrops, crusts form mainly patina-thin layers. Most crust surfaces are either botryoidal, smooth or rough, that form under conditions of strong bottom currents. In the thick crusts, 2 to 8 visible or macroscopic layers may be distinguished. The internal layers are usually black and massive, while outer parts are slightly lighter, laminated and more porous [13]. However, crusts with four major layers of oxide layers have been found. The outer-and innermost are massive and show light colors, whereas the...

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Section: Epmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineralogy of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts from the Perth Abyssal Plain (E Indian Ocean)

et al. 2019

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“…Due to the concerns over centralization of supply in China, a concerted effort has been made in the development of alternative resources-both conventional resources available in other countries-e.g., Australia or USA-and in unconventional resources such as expanded recycling [22], coal and coal ash [49,59] and deep sea deposits [42,51,60]. The resulting investment in conventional resources has reduced Chinese dominance of the production of RE to 86% in 2012 (see Figure 1).…”

Section: Economicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability of Rare Earths—An Overview of the State of Knowledge

2013

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Rare Earths (RE) have been the focus of much attention in recent years as a consequence of a number of converging factors, prominent among which are: centralization of supply (in China), unique applications in high-end technologies particularly in the low-carbon energy industry, and global demand outstripping availability. Despite this focus, RE supply chain sustainability has not been examined in depth or in any systematic manner. This paper provides an initial review of RE sustainability considerations at present, including current initiatives to understand the research and development needs. The analysis highlights a broad range of areas needing consolidation with future research and calls for collaboration between industry and academia to understand the sustainability considerations of these critical elements in more depth.

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Design and optimization of a fused‐silica microfluidic device for separation of trivalent lanthanides by isotachophoresis

et al. 2019

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201900027 This cover picture shows the elemental separation of critical materials (rare earths) within a microfluidic channel using embedded electrodes. The embedded electrodes allow for fast manipulation of voltages in microfluidic channel. Electrophoresis is a powerful and green route to separating these chemically similar species and enabling fast, accurate analysis of the chemical species to further sourcing and processing options for these economically essential elements.

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Geochemistry of rare earth elements in cobalt-rich crusts from the Mid-Pacific M seamount

Cited by 21 publications

References 23 publications

Mineralogy of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts from the Perth Abyssal Plain (E Indian Ocean)

Mineralogy of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts from the Perth Abyssal Plain (E Indian Ocean)

Sustainability of Rare Earths—An Overview of the State of Knowledge

Design and optimization of a fused‐silica microfluidic device for separation of trivalent lanthanides by isotachophoresis

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