Geochemistry of sulfur in Mount Etna plume

Martin, Daniel S.; Ardouin, B.; Bergametti, Gilles; Carbonnelle, J.; Faivre-Pierret, R.; Lambert, G.; Cloarec, M.F. Le; Sennequier, G.

doi:10.1029/jb091ib12p12249

Cited by 53 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Of the few other depletion rates reported for tropospheric plumes most are in agreement with this report that SO 2 depletion is negligible for typical plume sampling ages [e.g., Martin et al, 1986;Porter et al, 2002]. In contrast, there are two reports that offer considerably different k values: )99% loss per hour [Oppenheimer et al, 1998], and %97% loss per hour [Oppenheimer et al, 1998;Jaeschke et al, 1982].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…However, a later survey of the same volcano (Mt. Etna) studied by Jaeschke et al [1982] found lower SO 2 loss rates (average of 7% per hour) [Martin et al, 1986]. This more recent investigation used Si and Po 210 as tracers for plume dispersion, as opposed to CO 2 in the former case.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the few previous studies investigating SO 2 depletion in tropospheric volcanic plumes, k values ranging from 2 Â 10 À7 to 5 Â 10 À3 s À1 have been reported [e.g., Martin et al, 1986;Oppenheimer et al, 1998;Porter et al, 2002]. These loss rates correspond to measured I varying between (1% I o and >99% I o , for the typical ages (%500-2000 s) of plume sampled during remotely sensed measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SO₂ depletion in tropospheric volcanic plumes

McGonigle

Delmelle

Oppenheimer

et al. 2004

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] Ground based remote sensing techniques are used to measure volcanic SO 2 fluxes in efforts to characterise volcanic activity. As these measurements are made several km from source there is the potential for in-plume chemical transformation of SO 2 to sulphate aerosol (conversion rates are dependent on meteorological conditions), complicating interpretation of observed SO 2 flux trends. In contrast to anthropogenic plumes, SO 2 lifetimes are poorly constrained for tropospheric volcanic plumes, where the few previous loss rate estimates vary widely (from (1 to >99% per hour). We report experiments conducted on the boundary layer plume of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua during the dry season. We found that SO 2 fluxes showed negligible variation with plume age or diurnal variations in temperature, relative humidity and insolation, providing confirmation that remote SO 2 flux measurements (typically of %500-2000 s old plumes) are reliable proxies for source emissions for ash free tropospheric plumes not emitted into cloud or fog.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SO₂ depletion in tropospheric volcanic plumes

McGonigle

Delmelle

Oppenheimer

et al. 2004

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…SO 2 loss rates ranging from 10 -7 (e.g., Mount St. Helens) to 10 -3 (e.g., Soufrière Hills) s -1 have been estimated for tropospheric volcanic plumes at various altitudes (e.g., Martin et al, 1986;Oppenheimer et al, 1998;McGonigle et al, 2004). The loss rates were estimated using a number of different techniques (ground and satellite-based), including the correlation spectrometer (COSPEC), UV spectrometers, photometry, the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, and filters (e.g., Martin et al, 1986;Oppenheimer et al, 1998;McGonigle et al, 2004). Each technique has advantages and disadvantages, and the results may not be comparable directly, however, this also justifies the need to determine more accurately the range in SO 2 loss rates in volcanic plumes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SO2 loss rates in the plume emitted by Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat

Rodríguez

Watson

Edmonds

et al. 2008

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Abstract. To improve interpretation of volcanic SO 2 flux data, it is necessary to quantify and understand reactions involving SO 2 in volcanic plumes. SO 2 is lost in volcanic plumes through a number of mechanisms. Here we report SO 2 measurements made with miniature ultraviolet spectrometers at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat; a low altitude volcano (~1000 m above sea level) whose plume entrains humid marine air in the planetary boundary layer. Traverses very near (<400 m) beneath the ash-free plume were made at various distances from the source (from ~2 km to ~16 km), thereby spanning plume ages of about 6 to 35 minutes with minimal attenuation. We find average SO 2 loss rates of ~10 -4 s -1 (e-folding time of ~2.78 hours), slightly lower than estimated previously for Soufrière Hills. These are in the fast end of the range of loss rates measured at other volcanoes (10 -3 -10 -7 s -1 , e-folding times of 0.28-2778 hr), indicating that Montserrat plumes have short SO 2 lifetimes. This work is more detailed and precise than previous work and is likely to represent the general case at Montserrat. SO 2 flux measurements made >2 km downwind from Soufrière Hills volcano significantly underestimate atsource SO 2 emission rates, on the order of 70-146%, when not accounting for the decay rate. Similar SO 2 loss is likely to occur in plumes from other tropical low altitude volcanoes under conditions of high relative humidity (~20% of active volcanoes worldwide). These results suggest that the global volcanic SO 2 emission rate may be underestimated as the estimates are based on measurements taken downwind of volcanoes, by which time significant loss of SO 2 may have taken place. The loss rates calculated here could be used, in conjunction with downwind SO 2 fluxes, to estimate atsource SO 2 emission rates from volcanoes with similar environmental conditions to those at Soufrière Hills volcano.3

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“…ej. : Martin et al, 1986;Oppenheimer et al, 1998a;McGonigle et al, 2004;Rodríguez et al, 2008) (Fig. 29).…”

Section: Química Troposférica De Las Plumas Volcánicasunclassified

Resumen de las principales técnicas de percepción remota usadas en volcanes para monitorear las emisiones de gas en tierra

Rodríguez

Nadeau

2015

Rev. Geol. Amér. Central

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Volcano monitoring seeks to better understand volcanic systems, in order to be able to predict their activity. The monitoring techniques include seismic, deformation, gas, hydrologic, and visual monitoring, among others. Gas monitoring is important, among other reasons, because it provides information about the dynamics and evolution of magmatic and hydrothermal systems. Measurements can be conducted directly or by remote sensing methods (groundbased or satellite-based). Here we focus on the main ground-based remote sensing methods, which are currently used at volcanoes. These include the correlation spectrometer (COSPEC), the DOAS, the ultraviolet camera, and the Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages, and to understand them, we describe here the general aspects of each one, including methods to conduct the measurements, the sources of error, and some examples of case studies. Keywords: Sulfur dioxide, DOAS, COSPEC, UV camera, FTIR, volcanic plumes. RESUMEN:El monitoreo volcánico busca entender mejor los sistemas volcánicos, para poder realizar predicciones de su actividad. Las técnicas de monitoreo incluyen el sísmico, de deformación, de gases, hidrológico, y visual, entre otros. El monitoreo de gases es importante, entre otras razones, porque nos provee información sobre la dinámica y evolución de los sistemas magmáticos e hidrotermales. Las medidas se pueden hacer de forma directa o por métodos de percepción remota (en superficie o satelital). Aquí nos enfocamos en los principales métodos de percepción remota en superficie, que se usan actualmente en volcanes. Estos incluyen el espectrómetro de correlación (COSPEC), el DOAS,

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Geochemistry of sulfur in Mount Etna plume

Cited by 53 publications

References 22 publications

SO₂ depletion in tropospheric volcanic plumes

SO₂ depletion in tropospheric volcanic plumes

SO2 loss rates in the plume emitted by Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat

Resumen de las principales técnicas de percepción remota usadas en volcanes para monitorear las emisiones de gas en tierra

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Geochemistry of sulfur in Mount Etna plume

Cited by 53 publications

References 22 publications

SO2 depletion in tropospheric volcanic plumes

SO2 depletion in tropospheric volcanic plumes

SO2 loss rates in the plume emitted by Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat

Resumen de las principales técnicas de percepción remota usadas en volcanes para monitorear las emisiones de gas en tierra

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SO₂ depletion in tropospheric volcanic plumes

SO₂ depletion in tropospheric volcanic plumes