Geochemistry of the Devonian and Permo-Triassic Black Shales in Peninsular Malaysia: Insights into Provenance, Tectonic Setting, and Source Rock Weathering

Abstract

Selected Malaysian black shale sequences of the Permo-Triassic and Devonian ages that crop out in the Central Belt were investigated to discuss their chemical composition, provenance, tectonic setting, and weathering history. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis shows that the BRSZ Unit 1 black shale has elevated SiO2, TiO2, and K2O contents compared to the Semantan and Gua Musang black shale. In terms of trace elements, the BRSZ Unit 1 black shale has elevated trace element contents compared to the Semantan and Gua Musang black shales. The BRSZ Unit 1 has the highest V, U, Pb, and Mo contents relative to the other two formations. The Mo content is significant in the BRSZ Unit 1 and is thought to be associated with the elevated total organic carbon (TOC) in the BRSZ Unit 1 black shale. Compared to Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS), the BRSZ Unit 1 and Gua Musang black shales are low in Fe2O3, MnO, CaO, Na2O, and P2O5. The Semantan black shales are deficient in CaO, K2O, and P2O5 and enriched in MnO. The black shales of BRSZ Unit 1 are enriched in V, Cu, Ga, Rb, Mo, Sn, Pb, and U. Except for Pb (mean: 32.3 ppm), the Gua Musang black shales are largely depleted in trace elements. Similar to the Semantan black shales, all trace element concentrations are largely depleted with the exception of Sc (mean: 22.3 ppm), which is slightly higher. Provenance analysis shows that the BRSZ Unit 1, Semantan, and Gua Musang black shales derived from felsic and intermediate parental source rocks. The BRSZ Unit 1 and Gua Musang black shales indicate a collision setting, whereas the Semantan black shales show affinity to a continental arc setting. The CIA values for all the samples analyzed in this study range between 79.4 and 95.8, indicating an intense chemical weathering in warm and wet paleoclimatic conditions. The average CIW values of samples from the BRSZ Unit 1, Semantan, and Gua Musang are 99.4, 94.5, and 98.6, respectively, implying an intense degree of weathering of the source rocks.

Chemostratigraphic Approach to the Study of Resources’ Deposit in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland)

“…Trace element composition can potentially provide information regarding the provenance of terrigenous sediments and source-area rock compositions [26,46,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56].…”

“…The ratios of Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 and TiO 2 /Zr as well as the abundance of trace elements, such as Zr, La, Sc, Th, and their elemental ratios (Th/Sc and La/Th), are commonly used in provenance studies (e.g., [18,26,46,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]).…”

“…The Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 ratio is used to identify source materials, since the Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 values in sedimentary rocks are basically preserved from their parent rocks and do not change significantly during chemical weathering, transport, sedimentation, and diagenesis [18,45,47,[50][51][52][53][54][55]. Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 ratios range from 3 to 8, 8-21, and 21-70 for mafic, intermediate, and felsic sources, respectively [52].…”

“…On the plot, TiO2 versus Zr for a analyzed samples (except one point) fell into the intermediate rock field close to the fels igneous rocks' field (Figure 12a,b). The ratios Th/Sc and La/Th are commonly applied determinants of sediment provenance due to their immobile nature and abundance/concentration in felsic (La and Th) and mafic (Sc) rocks [46,49,50,54,56,58,59].…”

“…The ratios Th/Sc and La/Th are commonly applied determinants of sediment prov enance due to their immobile nature and abundance/concentration in felsic (La and Th and mafic (Sc) rocks [46,49,50,54,56,58,59].…”