Geochemistry of the Upper Jurassic Tuwaiq Mountain and Hanifa Formation Petroleum Source Rocks of Eastern Saudi Arabia

Carrigan, William J.; Cole, Gary A.; Colling, E. L.; Jones, P. J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78911-3_5

Cited by 54 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The carbon isotopic composition of the source rock samples varies from 227.5‰ to 226‰ PDB (average 226.4‰) for the kerogen, and from 228‰ to 226‰ (average 226.6‰) for the extracted bitumen. These values are compatible with the carbon isotopic composition of oils found in the Jurassic reservoirs of Saudi Arabia (Carrigan et al 1995).…”

Section: The Late Jurassic Petroleum System In Iransupporting

confidence: 61%

“…33). The isotopic composition of the Hanifa -Tuwaiq Mountain source rocks (227.5 to 226‰ for kerogen and 228 to 226‰ for extracted bitumen) is close to that of the Kazhdumi (Carrigan et al 1995).…”

Section: Isotopic Compositionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…In Eastern Saudi Arabia, its contiguous offshore, and Bahrain, oil charged by the Hanifa -Tuwaiq Mountain Petroleum System accumulated in Late Jurassic reservoirs of north-south structures that existed before the end of the Early Cretaceous (Carrigan et al 1995). The huge Ghawar field is the most impressive example of these fields.…”

Section: Fields Charged By the Hanifa -Tuwaiq Mountain And Diyab Sourmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Modelling applied to the Hanifa source rocks, using a constant heat flow calibrated with vitrinite reflectance, Rock-Eval T max and thermal alteration index (TAI), shows that oil expulsion began in the Ghawar and Safaniya areas 75 Ma ago, at the beginning of the Maastrichtian (Carrigan et al 1995). The peak of the oil generation, assumed to occur for a vitrinite reflectance of 0.75%, was reached by the Middle Eocene (50 Ma).…”

Section: The Late Jurassic Petroleum System In Iranmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems

Bordenave¹,

Hegre

2010

141

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In the current Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and in its contiguous offshore, five petroleum systems caused an impressive gathering of oil and gas fields that represent some 8% and 15% of global oil and gas reserves, respectively. Almost all the oil fields are located in the relatively small Dezful Embayment, which extends over 60 000 km 2 , whereas most of the gas fields are concentrated in Central and Coastal Fars and in the contiguous offshore area. This paper describes the functioning of the various petroleum systems through time, each petroleum system having its own specificity, and reconstructs the succession of events that explains the current location of the oil and gas fields and the reservoirs in which oil and/or gas accumulated. In addition to the classical description of the petroleum systems (distribution and organic composition of the source rocks, evolution of their maturity through time, geometry of drains and reservoirs, and trap availability at the time of migration), the influence of tectonic phases (Acadian, Hercynian, Late Cenomanian to pre-Maastrichtian, and Late Miocene to Pliocene Zagros phases) on the various systems are discussed. As the time of oil and/or gas expulsion from the source rocks is necessary to reconstruct migration paths and to locate the traps available at the time of migration, extensive modelling was used.

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Section: The Late Jurassic Petroleum System In Iransupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Isotopic Compositionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Fields Charged By the Hanifa -Tuwaiq Mountain And Diyab Sourmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Late Jurassic Petroleum System In Iranmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems

Bordenave¹,

Hegre

2010

141

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“…Figure 3 shows whole oil chromatograms for the new Jurassic oils and representative oil from a typical Jurassic reservoir. In addition, the new Jurassic oils are characterized by low sulfur content (0.8-0.9%) and no detectable nickel or vanadium, while known Jurassic oils from the Arabian Basin are reported by Carrigan et al (1994) to have high sulfur content (1-4+ %). Stable carbon isotope data (δ 13 C) of the saturate and aromatic fractions of the new Jurassic oils and representative oils from other Jurassic and Paleozoic reservoirs are presented in Figure 4.…”

Section: New Jurassic Petroleum Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Paleozoic and Mesozoic Petroleum Systems, Saudi Arabia

Khalid

Abdelbagi

Abu-Ali

et al. 2005

International Petroleum Technology Conference

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TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractData from recent exploratory wells suggests a new Jurassic and Paleozoic petroleum system, in addition to the wellknown Silurian and Jurassic petroleum systems in Saudi Arabia. The new petroleum systems are discussed with respect to their hydrocarbon characteristics, genetic relationships and potential source rocks. The new Paleozoic oil has lacustrine characteristics and is confined to the Carboniferous-Permian Unayzah Formation. The analyzed hydrocarbons are paraffinic with high pour point and characterized by high API. The new Jurassic source rock is assumed to be Callovian-Oxfordian in age and is believed to be the lateral equivalent of the Tuwaiq Mountain/Hanifa interval. The bulk data of the analyzed Hanifa oils shows low S, Ni, V contents, and high Pr/Ph ratios which are quite different from typical Arab/Hanifa oils of eastern Saudi Arabian Basins. Biomarker data of the new Jurassic oils suggest generation from an open marine environment with continental organic matter input (similar to Rub' Al-Khali and onshore UAE) rather than a highly restricted carbonate source rock, such as the Hanifa/Tuwaiq Mountain Formation which generated the Arabian Basin oils.

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Evaporitic source rocks: mesohaline responses to cycles of “famine or feast” in layered brines

Warren¹

2010

Quaternary Carbonate and Evaporite Sedimentary Facies and Their Ancient Analogues

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Organic matter in modern saline systems tends to accumulate in bottom sediments beneath a density-stratified mass of saline water where layered hydrologies are subject to oscillations in salinity and brine level. Organic matter is not produced at a constant rate in such systems; rather, it is generated in pulses by a halotolerant community in response to relatively short times of less stressful conditions (brackish to mesohaline) that occur in the upper part of the layered hydrology. Accumulations of organic matter can occur in any layered brine lake or epeiric seaway when an upper less-saline water mass forms on top of nutrient-rich brines, or in wet mudflats wherever waters freshen in and above the uppermost few millimetres of a microbial mat. A flourishing community of halotolerant algae, bacteria and archaeal photosynthesizers drives the resulting biomass bloom. Brine freshening is a time of "feast" characterized by very high levels of organic productivity. In a stratified brine column (oligotrophic and meromictic) the typical producers are planktonic algal or cyanobacterial communities inhabiting the upper mesohaline portion of the stratified water mass. In mesohaline holomictic waters, where light penetrates to the water bottom, the organic-producing layer is typically the upper algal and bacterial portion of a benthic laminated microbialite characterized by elevated numbers of cyanobacteria.Short pulses of extremely high productivity in the upper freshened part of a stratified brine column create a high volume of organic detritus settling through the column and/or the enhanced construction of benthic microbial mats in regions where freshened waters reach the hypersaline base of the column. With the end of the freshening event, ongoing intensely arid conditions mean that salinity, temperature and osmotic stress increase rapidly in the previously freshened water mass. This leads to a time of mass dieoff of the once flourishing mesohaline community ("famine"). First, these increasingly salty waters no longer support haloxene forms. Then, halotolerant life dies back, and finally by the halite precipitation stage, only a few halophilic archaea and bacteria remain in the brine column (typically acting as heterotrophs and fermenters). Repeated pulses of organic matter, created during a feasting event followed by a famine event, create laminated organic-enriched sediment on an anoxic bottom.There are three, possibly four, major mesohaline density-stratified settings where organic-rich laminites (petroleum source rocks) accumulated in ancient "famine or feast" saline settings: (1) basin-centre lows in marine-fed evaporitic drawdown basins, associated with basinwide evaporites; (2) mesohaline intra-shelf lows on epeiric platforms, associated with platform evaporites; (3) saline-bottomed lows in under-filled perennial saline lacustrine basins; (4) closed seafloor depressions in halokinetic deepwater marine slope and rise terrains. An inherently restrictive hydrology means that the same mesohaline settings show a prop...

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Geochemistry of the Upper Jurassic Tuwaiq Mountain and Hanifa Formation Petroleum Source Rocks of Eastern Saudi Arabia

Cited by 54 publications

References 17 publications

Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems

Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems

New Paleozoic and Mesozoic Petroleum Systems, Saudi Arabia

Evaporitic source rocks: mesohaline responses to cycles of “famine or feast” in layered brines

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