Geoecological analysis of Shkota island landscapes (the Sea of Japan)

Abstract

The study of Shkota Island (Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan) allows us to assess the modern geosystem condition. High-closed broad-leaved forests are found mainly on the northern and western slopes, whereas scattered and scrub broad-leaved forests, bush, semi-bush and grass communities are found in the south and east. The soil-vegetation cover shows the technogenic impact evidence like on other islands previously belonging to the military department. The landscape structure is composed of 16 morphological units. The total territory is a mountain landscape class, with about 82% of the area belonging to a low-mountain landscape subclass, and 12.35%, to a coastal subclass. Beach accumulative landscape developed on sandy-pebble coastal sediments without soil-vegetation cover is located in the north. Uncontrolled recreational activity has become recently the major factor of anthropogenic transformation of natural complexes. High number of visitors and campsite activity increase the fire danger. Ground fires disturb natural ecosystem functioning. The vegetation, lichens and soils bear the evidence of fire impact. Intense mechanical impact on the soil-vegetation cover occurs in the campsite areas. Because of low depth and high skeletal soil, the bulk of island land is prone to erosion. Trampling leads to active sheet soil erosion and destruction of grass-bush layers. The total content of heavy metals in accumulative-humus layers makes up a small proportion of the approximate permissible concentration. Recreational activity, in particular, burning of solid waste explains high concentration of heavy metals in the west. Copper concentration increases by an order of magnitude there in comparison with ones from the other island parts. The copper concentration comes close to the approximate permissible concentration or may outnumber it, considering an analytical error. Zinc concentration outnumbers the approximate permissible concentration without including analytical error.
 Intense anthropogenic impact disturbs the spatial landscape structure and changes material-energy flows resulting in decreasing landscape diversity. Though Shkota Island geosystems have experienced high anthropogenic influence since the beginning of the XXth century, today we observe reliable restoration of destroyed ecosystems. These areas are being actively covered with grass-bush communities dominating by Lespedeza bicolor and Artemisia gmelini, which boosts humification and humus accumulation. Saplings of broad-leaved trees spring there. But periodic ground fires make stable forest restoration difficult.

Legal ecological zoning with estimation of complexity of the landscape organization of the protected zones of Russkiy Island

“…The employees of the Pacific Institute of Geography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences have carried out studies on landscape organization [10] and mapping of [7] the islands. The entire territory of the island refers to a mountain class of landscapes.…”

“…The normative legal base of the protected lands of the Russian Federation [4][5][6] were analyzed. Remote sensing data were presented using GoogleEarth, and the data on the landscape organization [7] were processed using the software package ArcGIS10.3. Quantitative analyses of landscape structure and variety were carried out for protected lands of Russkiy Island.…”

Types of coasts and hazard geomorphic processes on the Russkii and Shkota islands coasts (Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan)

“…Остров Шкота располагается южнее о. Русский, его площадь составляет 2.6 км²; максимальная высота над уровнем моря -146.6 м [7], в ХХ в. его территория активно использовалась для военных нужд [8]. Острова Русский и Шкота соединяет аккумулятивная форма -томболо длиной 450 м, которая при наиболее сильных отливах осушается.…”