“…The rising costs of research and development force companies to share costs and responsibilities, and thus to specialize in specific fields of AI (Niosi and Zhegu 2010;López-Otero,J, Contreras-Cabrera, G and Jordá-Borrell, R, 2015;Lopez-Otero, J., 2014). A technological alliance necessarily involves the partial or total transfer of knowledge to the collaborating company, which may give rise to the latter incorporating the acquired knowledge into its skills base.…”