Geographic, ecological, and temporal patterns of seabird mortality during the 2022 HPAI H5N1 outbreak on the island of Newfoundland

McPhail, Gretchen M.; Collins, Sydney M.; Burt, Tori V.; Careen, Noah G.; Doiron, Parker B.; Avery-Gomm, Stephanie; Barychka, Tatsiana; English, Matthew D.; Giacinti, Jolene A.; Jones, Megan E.B.; Provencher, Jennifer F.; Soos, Catherine; Ward, Christopher R.E.; Duffy, Steven; Wilhelm, Sabina I.; Wight, Jordan; Rahman, Ishraq; Hargan, Kathryn E.; Lang, Andrew S.; Montevecchi, William A.

doi:10.1101/2024.01.17.575746

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Gulls and other members of the Laridae family, within the Charadriiformes order, have exhibited a marked susceptibility to HPAI H5Nx viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b infection. Instances of mass mortality among adult seabirds have been documented across Europe, America, and Africa [81,101,[171][172][173]. This underscores the rapid dissemination of infection attributed to their colony-breeding behaviors and scavenging tendencies.…”

Section: Charadriiformes Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals

Graziosi,

Lupini,

Catelli

et al. 2024

Animals

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Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory viruses of birds, leading to significant morbidity and mortality globally and causing substantial economic losses to the poultry industry and agriculture. Since their first isolation in 2013-2014, the Asian-origin H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) of clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution and reassortment of internal gene segments. In just a few years, it supplanted other AIV clades, and now it is widespread in the wild migratory waterfowl, spreading to Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Wild waterfowl, the natural reservoir of LPAIVs and generally more resistant to the disease, also manifested high morbidity and mortality with HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b. This clade also caused overt clinical signs and mass mortality in a variety of avian and mammalian species never reported before, such as raptors, seabirds, sealions, foxes, and others. Most notably, the recent outbreaks in dairy cattle were associated with the emergence of a few critical mutations related to mammalian adaptation, raising concerns about the possibility of jumping species and acquisition of sustained human-to-human transmission. The main clinical signs and anatomopathological findings associated with clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in birds and non-human mammals are hereby summarized.

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Section: Charadriiformes Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals

Graziosi,

Lupini,

Catelli

et al. 2024

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Gulls and other members of the Laridae family, within the Charadriiformes order, order have exhibited a marked susceptibility to HPAI H5Nx viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b infection [99]. Instances of mass mortality among adult seabirds have been documented across Europe, America, and Africa [81,99,102,[172][173][174]. This underscores the rapid dissemination of infection attributed to their colonybreeding behaviors and scavenging tendencies.…”

Section: Charadriiformes Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals

Graziosi,

Lupini,

Catelli

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory viruses of birds, lead-ing to significant morbidity and mortality globally and causing substantial economic losses to the poultry industry. Since their first isolation in 2013, the Asian-origin H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) of clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution and re-assortment of internal gene segments and have spread to Asia, Europe, Africa, and America, caus-ing outbreaks in all the poultry categories. Novel epidemiological and pathobiological character-istics, distinct from other clades, are specific of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. Wild waterfowl, the natu-ral reservoir of AIVs, are frequently found infected with clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, which can also cause high morbidity and mortality in these birds. The sustained clade 2.3.4.4b virus circulation in waterfowl has also led to virus infection in other wild bird species, with implications for the conservation of endangered species. Furthermore, clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have been isolated in var-ious wild and domestic mammals worldwide, and critical mutations related to virus adaptation to mammalian species have been identified, raising concerns about virus spillover to humans. The main clinical signs, and anatomopathological findings associated to clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in birds and non-human mammals are hereby summarized.

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Avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Canada following incursions of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus from Eurasia in 2021–2022

Giacinti,

Signore,

Jones

et al. 2024

mBio

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Following the detection of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in Newfoundland, Canada, in late 2021, avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance in wild birds was scaled up across Canada. Herein, we present the results of Canada’s Interagency Surveillance Program for Avian Influenza in Wild Birds during the first year (November 2021–November 2022) following the incursions of HPAIV from Eurasia. The key objectives of the surveillance program were to (i) identify the presence, distribution, and spread of HPAIV and other AIVs; (ii) identify wild bird morbidity and mortality associated with HPAIV; (iii) identify the range of wild bird species infected by HPAIV; and (iv) genetically characterize detected AIV. A total of 6,246 sick and dead wild birds were tested, of which 27.4% were HPAIV positive across 12 taxonomic orders and 80 species. Geographically, HPAIV detections occurred in all Canadian provinces and territories, with the highest numbers in the Atlantic and Central Flyways. Temporally, peak detections differed across flyways, though the national peak occurred in April 2022. In an additional 11,295 asymptomatic harvested or live-captured wild birds, 5.2% were HPAIV positive across 3 taxonomic orders and 19 species. Whole-genome sequencing identified HPAIV of Eurasian origin as most prevalent in the Atlantic Flyway, along with multiple reassortants of mixed Eurasian and North American origins distributed across Canada, with moderate structuring at the flyway scale. Wild birds were victims and reservoirs of HPAIV H5N1 2.3.4.4b, underscoring the importance of surveillance encompassing samples from sick and dead, as well as live and harvested birds, to provide insights into the dynamics and potential impacts of the HPAIV H5N1 outbreak. This dramatic shift in the presence and distribution of HPAIV in wild birds in Canada highlights a need for sustained investment in wild bird surveillance and collaboration across interagency partners. IMPORTANCE We present the results of Canada’s Interagency Surveillance Program for Avian Influenza in Wild Birds in the year following the first detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 on the continent. The surveillance program tested over 17,000 wild birds, both sick and apparently healthy, which revealed spatiotemporal and taxonomic patterns in HPAIV prevalence and mortality across Canada. The significant shift in the presence and distribution of HPAIV in Canada’s wild birds underscores the need for sustained investment in wild bird surveillance and collaboration across One Health partners.

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Geographic, ecological, and temporal patterns of seabird mortality during the 2022 HPAI H5N1 outbreak on the island of Newfoundland

Cited by 3 publications

References 68 publications

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals

Avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Canada following incursions of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus from Eurasia in 2021–2022

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