Geographic Variation and Environmental Selection in Gasterosteus aculeatus L. in the Pacific Northwest, America

Hagen, D. W.; Gilbertson, Larry

doi:10.2307/2406981

Cited by 149 publications

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“…To examine the influence of different genetic regions on trophic morphology, we counted the number of both long and short gill rakers on the first gill arch of all progeny from the Priest Lake cross (Figure 3b). No major QTL were found influencing the number of long gill rakers in the cross, consistent with previous biometrical studies suggesting that gill raker number may be based on a large number of genes of small effect 14,15 . In contrast, the number of short gill rakers is influenced by two QTL that map to separate linkage groups.…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

“…Initially, we sequenced of 192 kb of random genomic clones and showed that CA dinucleotides were the most common form of microsatellite in sticklebacks, occurring approximately once every 14 kb. We subsequently screened genomic and cDNA libraries with a (GT) 15 probe, sequenced 3560 clones, and identified 1176 new microsatellite loci. Primers flanking 410 new and 18 previously identified microsatellites [7][8][9] were designed and used to type a genetic cross between the benthic and limnetic species from Priest Lake, British Columbia (Figure 1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes in skeletal armor may be related to the different predation regimes experienced in the near shore and open water environments. Open water populations experience more bird and fish predation, where longer dorsal and pelvic spines appear to offer greater protection [15][16][17] . In contrast, near shore populations experience predation by insects, an environment in which spine reduction may be advantageous, and may be accompanied by loss of the lateral plates that support the dorsal and pelvic spines 17,18 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, the length of the second dorsal spine and the pelvic spine were both influenced by QTL that map to a similar region of linkage group VIII. These two spines define the maximal dorsal and ventral extent of stickleback armor ( Figure 3d) and are thought to play an important role in defense against gape-limited predators [15][16][17] . Variation in the length of these functionally related spines may be due to pleiotropic effects of the same locus or to linked genetic factors on linkage group VIII.…”

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The genetic architecture of divergence between threespine stickleback species

Peichel

Nereng

Ohgi

et al. 2001

Nature

446

514

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The genetic and molecular basis of morphological evolution is poorly understood, particularly in vertebrates. Genetic studies of the differences between naturally occurring vertebrate species have been limited by the expense and difficulty of raising large numbers of animals and the absence of molecular linkage maps for all but a handful of laboratory and domesticated animals. We have developed a genome-wide linkage map for the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), an extensively studied teleost fish that has undergone rapid divergence and speciation since the melting of glaciers 15,000 years ago 1 The benthic species feeds on invertebrates near shore and has a great reduction in the amount of body armor, increased body depth, and a decreased number of gill rakers for filtering ingested food. The limnetic species more closely resembles an ancestral marine fish, with more extensive body armor, a longer and more streamlined body, and an increased number of gill rakers. Despite reproductive isolation between the two species in the wild 3-6 , it is possible to establish productive matings between the two species under laboratory conditions 2 . The resulting F1 hybrids are viable and fertile, making it possible to carry out a formal genetic analysis of the number and location of loci responsible for the adaptive morphological differences between these naturally occurring vertebrate species.To develop resources for genome-wide linkage mapping in Gasterosteus aculeatus, we used large-scale library screening and sequencing to identify a collection of genomic and cDNA clones containing microsatellite repeat sequences. Initially, we sequenced of 192 kb of random genomic clones and showed that CA dinucleotides were the most common form of microsatellite in sticklebacks, occurring approximately once every 14 kb. We subsequently screened genomic and cDNA libraries with a (GT) 15 probe, sequenced 3560 clones, and identified 1176 new microsatellite loci. Primers flanking 410 new and 18 previously identified microsatellites 7-9 were designed and used to type a genetic cross between the benthic and limnetic species from Priest Lake, British Columbia (Figure 1). For this cross, an individual Priest benthic female was mated with a single Priest limnetic male, and a single F1 male (B 1 L 1 ) was crossed to a second Priest benthic female (B 2 B 3 ) to generate 103 progeny. Of the 281 markers that amplified robust bands from the F1 and benthic parent, 227 (81%) were polymorphic, and therefore informative, in one or both parents. Higher rates of polymorphism were seen in the F1 male than the benthic female parent (71% vs. 57% of 281 markers), consistent with a greater level of genetic diversity between the distinct populations of benthic and limnetic fish than within the benthic population.The segregation patterns of the 227 informative markers were scored on 92 progeny from the cross, and the 20,884 resulting genotypes were analyzed for linkage using JoinMap software 10 . The markers were ordered into 26 linkage groups co...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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The genetic architecture of divergence between threespine stickleback species

Peichel

Nereng

Ohgi

et al. 2001

Nature

446

514

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“…While marine populations are composed mostly of full‐plated individuals (but see Münzing, 1963; Lucek, Roy, Bezault, Sivasundar, & Seehausen, 2010), freshwater populations are frequently dominated by a “low‐plated” phenotype that has lost its posterior lateral plates (Bell & Foster, 1994; Colosimo et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2012), most likely in response to selection pressures exerted by altered predation regimes and habitat structure in the new environment (Barrett, 2010; Leinonen, Herczeg, Cano, & Merilä, 2011; Reimchen, 1992). Although the “low‐plated” morph is the typical form found in freshwaters throughout the species, global distribution (Colosimo et al., 2005; Hagen & Gilbertson, 1972; Münzing, 1963), reduced lateral plate number is not the only way by which posterior lateral plate coverage is reduced. An alternative pathway to decreased lateral plate coverage can be seen in a “small‐plated” freshwater morph found in several ponds in Finnish Lapland (Leinonen, McCairns, Herczeg, & Merilä, 2012) and in streams of Lake Constance (Marques et al., 2016).…”

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Selection on the morphology–physiology‐performance nexus: Lessons from freshwater stickleback morphs

Morozov

Leinonen

Merilä

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Conspecifics inhabiting divergent environments frequently differ in morphology, physiology, and performance, but the interrelationships amongst traits and with Darwinian fitness remains poorly understood. We investigated population differentiation in morphology, metabolic rate, and swimming performance in three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), contrasting a marine/ancestral population with two distinct freshwater morphotypes derived from it: the “typical” low‐plated morph, and a unique “small‐plated” morph. We test the hypothesis that similar to plate loss in other freshwater populations, reduction in lateral plate size also evolved in response to selection. Additionally, we test how morphology, physiology, and performance have evolved in concert as a response to differences in selection between marine and freshwater environments. We raised pure‐bred second‐generation fish originating from three populations and quantified their lateral plate coverage, burst‐ and critical swimming speeds, as well as standard and active metabolic rates. Using a multivariate Q ST‐F ST framework, we detected signals of directional selection on metabolic physiology and lateral plate coverage, notably demonstrating that selection is responsible for the reduction in lateral plate coverage in a small‐plated stickleback population. We also uncovered signals of multivariate selection amongst all bivariate trait combinations except the two metrics of swimming performance. Divergence between the freshwater and marine populations exceeded neutral expectation in morphology and in most physiological and performance traits, indicating that adaptation to freshwater habitats has occurred, but through different combinations of traits in different populations. These results highlight both the complex interplay between morphology, physiology and performance in local adaptation, and a framework for their investigation.

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Lateral plate number in low‐plated threespine stickleback: a study of plasticity and heritability

Hansson

Fischer

Mazzarella

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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In the threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus model system, phenotypes are often classified into three morphs according to lateral plate number. Morph identity has been shown to be largely genetically determined, but substantial within‐morph variation in plate number exists. In this study, we test whether plate number has a plastic component in response to salinity in the low‐plated morph using a split‐clutch experiment where families were split in two, one half raised in water at 0 and the other at 30 ppt salt. We find a small salinity‐induced plastic effect on plate number in an unexpected direction, opposite to what we predicted: Fish raised in freshwater on average have slightly more plates than fish raised in saltwater. Our results confirm that heritability of plate number is high. Additionally, we find that variance in plate number at the family level can be predicted from other family level traits, which might indicate that epistatic interactions play a role in creating the observed pattern of lateral plate number variation.

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Geographic Variation and Environmental Selection in Gasterosteus aculeatus L. in the Pacific Northwest, America

Cited by 149 publications

References 0 publications

The genetic architecture of divergence between threespine stickleback species

The genetic architecture of divergence between threespine stickleback species

Selection on the morphology–physiology‐performance nexus: Lessons from freshwater stickleback morphs

Lateral plate number in low‐plated threespine stickleback: a study of plasticity and heritability

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