Geographic Variation in the Limb Skeleton of the Red-Backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus

Howard, James L.; Dinsmore, Charles E.

doi:10.2307/1564136

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…This arrangement is found as the standard pattern (table 5) in a number of plethodontid (Wake and Larson 1987) and salamandrid genera (Rabl 1910;Rienesl and Wagner 1992). Distal tarsal 4 + 5 is seen in the intrapopulational variation of several taxa: Plethodon cinereus (Hanken 1983;Hanken and Dinsmore 1986;Dinsmore and Hanken 1986), Plethodon neomexicanus (Dwyer and Hanken 1990), species of Rhyacotriton (Good and Wake 1992), and Bolitoglossa dofleini (Alberch 1983). A final low frequency bilateral pattern is an enlarged dt 5 that articulates with c (dt 5 + m, fig.…”

Section: Phalangeal Formula Totalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The limb morphology of urodele amphibians has emerged as a promising system for analysis of the action of internal constraints on morphological diversity (Alberch 1983;Alberch and Gale 1985;Hanken 1983Hanken , 1985Hanken and Dinsmore 1986;Shubin and Alberch 1986;Oster et al 1988;Vogl and Rienesl 1991;Wake 1991;Rienesl and Wagner 1992). The homoplastic reduction of limb structure has been a dominant theme of urodele phylogenesis.…”

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confidence: 99%

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MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE LIMBS OF TARICHA GRANULOSA (CAUDATA: SALAMANDRIDAE): EVOLUTIONARY AND PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS

1995

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Abstract.-Variation in the limb skeleton was studied in a large sample (452 individuals) of adult newts (Taricha granulosa) from a single population in central California. A standard morphology is found in the hands and feet in more than 70% of individuals, but there is important variation in the remainder of the sample. Although twice as many individuals express variant tarsal (18.9%) than carpal (9.3%) patterns, the carpus reveals a greater diversity of variant conditions. Only a few of the many possible arrangements (including loss, addition, and amalgamation) of the seven carpal and nine tarsal elements are encountered. Most of the observed patterns are readily classified on the basis of phylogenetic relationship and models of development. Five patterns are bilaterally symmetrical. Two of these five arrangements are atavisms that represent plesiomorphic states. The other three symmetrical variants duplicate patterns found elsewhere among derived urodele taxa. These homoplastic patterns correspond to apomorphies of other genera within the same family or apomorphies of deeply nested and highly specialized members of other families (e.g., several plethodontid genera). This variation reveals the potential of the generative system and suggests the existence of limited domains of phenotypic expression. Both the origin of novelty and the restoration of ancestral states reflect the action of design constraints that not only place limits but also provide opportunities during the morphologic and phyletic diversification of urodeles.Key words.-Atavism, caudata, constraint, homoplasy, limbs, variation.Received October 4, 1993. Accepted August 3, 1994.The constraints imposed by phylogenetic history and embryological development can lend a predictability to patterns of intraspecific variation. The parallels between synapomorphies, intrapopulational variability, and experimentally induced teratologies reflect the influence of internal constraints on variation (Alberch 1983; Hanken 1985;Maynard Smith et al. 1985; Wagner 1989a,b; Vogl and Rienesl1991;Rienesl and Wagner 1992). The high frequency of atavistic morphologies in vertebrate phylogenies suggests that phylogenetic relationships can be one means of predicting patterns of intraspecific variation (Hall 1984;Wake 1991). The congruence between predictions from models of development and observations of phenotypic diversity directs attention to specific mechanisms that are involved in the generation of patterns of intraspecific variation and, by extension, morphological novelties.The limb morphology of urodele amphibians has emerged as a promising system for analysis of the action of internal constraints on morphological diversity (Alberch

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Section: Phalangeal Formula Totalmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE LIMBS OF TARICHA GRANULOSA (CAUDATA: SALAMANDRIDAE): EVOLUTIONARY AND PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS

1995

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“…In some species of salamanders belonging to the genus Plethodon, the numbers of phalangeal bones vary, including reductions in the number, even within the same species (Hanken 1983; Alberch and Gale 1985; Hanken and Dinsmore 1986;Dwyer and Hanken 1989). On the other hand, several genera (Hynobius, Batrachuperus and Salamandrella), belonging to the family Hynobiidae, have four toes on the hind limb (Dunn 1923(Dunn , 1927Sato 1943; Nakamura and Ueno 1963; Thorn 1968;Zhao et al 1988).…”

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confidence: 99%

Variations in the Numbers of Phalangeal Bones in the Four-toed Salamander, Hynobius tenuis (Amphibia: Hynobiidae), from Two Localities in Toyama Prefecture, Central Japan

Nambu

1995

Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica

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Summary: Variations in the numbers of phalangeal bones in the fingers (I to IV) and toes (I to V) of specimens of Hynobius tenuis collected from two localities (Ashikuraji and Arimine) in Toyama Prefecture, Central Japan, were recorded. In the case of fingers of fore limbs, eight phalangeal formulas were distinguished, and in the case of toes of hind limbs, ten phalangeal formulas were recogpized. In the fingers of specimens from Ashikuraji, the predominant formulas were 2-2-3-2 (40%) and 2-2-3-1 (32%). In specimens from Arimine, 2-2-3-2 was predominant (75%). In toes, the predominant formula was 2-2-3-2-0-(96%) for Ashikuraji and 71% for Arimine. The maximal number of phalangeal bones, 2-2-3-3-2, found in the toes of specimens from Arimine seems to represent the fundamental formula in hynobiid salamanders. The predominant formula, 2-2-3-2-0-, observed in the two populations may have been derived from the fundamental formula by degeneration of the phalangeal bones in the fourth and the fifth toes. The reason why phalangeal bones were degenerated in this species is discussed from an ecological viewpoint of body growth.

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“…Between the 8 elements of the carpus, just 13 fusions between adjacent elements are possible; these are arranged vertically (V = ulnare, I = intermedium, R = radiale, C = centrale, CI = centrale I, DI2 = basale commune, D3 and D4 = distal carpal 3 and 4). The three empirical data sets are from Hanken (1982Hanken ( , 1983Hanken ( , 1985, Hanken and Dinsmore (1986) and Rienesl and Wagner (199 I). Forelimbs that showed severe malformations (like fused fingers) were omitted, because we believe that the cause for such malformations is an external stimulus.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Since only neighboring elements that get in rather close contact to each other are able to fuse, there is a total of 13 possible fusions (we count the triple fusion between ulnare (V), intermedium (1) and centrale (C) as a fusion between V and I plus a fusion between I and C). This leads to 10 alternate patterns in the case of three populations of Plethodon cinereus (Hanken, 1983;Hanken and Dinsmore, 1986) and nine patterns in the salamander genus Thorius (Hanken, 1982(Hanken, , 1985. The third data set shows six variant fusion patterns in Triturus marmoratus and Triturus cristatus (Table I).…”

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Testing for Developmental Constraints: Carpal Fusions in Urodeles

Vogl

Rienesl

1991

Evolution

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Geographic Variation in the Limb Skeleton of the Red-Backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE LIMBS OF TARICHA GRANULOSA (CAUDATA: SALAMANDRIDAE): EVOLUTIONARY AND PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE LIMBS OF TARICHA GRANULOSA (CAUDATA: SALAMANDRIDAE): EVOLUTIONARY AND PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS

Variations in the Numbers of Phalangeal Bones in the Four-toed Salamander, Hynobius tenuis (Amphibia: Hynobiidae), from Two Localities in Toyama Prefecture, Central Japan

Testing for Developmental Constraints: Carpal Fusions in Urodeles

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