Geographical access to community pharmacies in New Zealand

Norris, Pauline; Horsburgh, Simon; Sides, Gerald; Ram, Sanya; Fraser, John

doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.07.005

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…While urban-rural inequalities in pharmaceutical supply have been established in several studies carried out in different geographic settings (Lin, 2004;Norris et al, 2014;Todd et al, 2014), the present study highlights the fact that, in coastal and hillymountainous regions such as Liguria, location (coastal/mountainous) may be an independent predictor of healthcare supply. Indeed, differences in accessibility were observed between plains and mountainous places, and between coastal and hinterland areas.…”

Section: Key Findings and Comparison With Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…A set of independent variables was chosen on the basis of regional socio-economic features, previous research (Casey et al, 2002;Perez and Decoupigny, 2009;Amstislavski et al, 2012;Norris et al, 2014;Qato et al, 2014) and data availability at the municipal level. This dataset included population (1000s of inhabitants)/population density (inhabitants per km 2 ), mean altitude (100 m units) above the mean sea level (msl), dummy variables of the status of rural according to the Eurostat classification (Istat, 2014), municipality (0=urban), coastal municipality (0=landlocked), proportion of >65-year-olds, <5-yearolds, immigrants, and a proxy of municipal income (mean declared personal income per taxpaper in 1000s of Euro).…”

Section: Study Variables and Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spatial inequalities in healthcare provision occur in both developing countries (Kumar, 2004;Abolhallaje et al, 2014) and industrialised ones (Houghton, 2005;Perez and Decoupigny, 2009). Limited geographical access not only reduces the availability of pharmaceuticals but also limits recommendations regarding their use (Norris et al, 2014). Qato et al (2014) and Amstislavski et al (2012) have even coined the terms pharmacy deserts and medication deserts, respectively, to describe neighbourhoods where geographic access to pharmacies and the availability of commonly used drugs are poor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research has shown that geographical access to pharmacies depends on several factors, such as socio-economic determinants (Casey et al, 2002;Amstislavski et al, 2012;Qato et al, 2014) including levels of deprivation (Ward et al, 2014;Todd et al, 2014), community segregation (Qato et al, 2014), landscape features (Perez and Decoupigny, 2009) and degree of urbanity vis-à-vis remoteness (Lin, 2004;Todd et al, 2014;Norris et al, 2014). Among these, urban-rural inequalities are of particular relevance in Italy, since rural areas account for more than 90% of the surface area and host about 57% of the population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing spatial inequalities in accessing community pharmacies: a mixed geographically weighted approach

Domnich¹,

Arata²,

Amicizia³

et al. 2016

Geospat Health

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Geographical accessibility is an important determinant for the utilisation of community pharmacies. The present study explored patterns of spatial accessibility with respect to pharmacies in Liguria, Italy, a region with particular geographical and demographic features. Municipal density of pharmacies was proxied as the number of pharmacies per capita and per km 2 , and spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed to identify spatial clusters. Both non-spatial and spatial models were constructed to predict the study outcome. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a highly significant clustered pattern in the density of pharmacies per capita (I=0.082) and per km 2 (I=0.295). Potentially under-supplied areas were mostly located in the mountainous hinterland. Ordinary least-squares (OLS) regressions established a significant positive relationship between the density of pharmacies and income among municipalities located at high altitudes, while no such association was observed in lower-lying areas. However, residuals of the OLS models were spatially auto-correlated. The best-fitting mixed geographically weighted regression (GWR) models outperformed the corresponding OLS models. Pharmacies per capita were best predicted by two local predictors (altitude and proportion of immigrants) and two global ones (proportion of elderly residents and income), while the local terms population, mean altitude and rural status and the global term income functioned as independent variables predicting pharmacies per km 2 . The density of pharmacies in Liguria was found to be associated with both socio-economic and landscape factors. Mapping of mixed GWR results would be helpful to policy-makers.

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Section: Key Findings and Comparison With Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Study Variables and Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Assessing spatial inequalities in accessing community pharmacies: a mixed geographically weighted approach

Domnich¹,

Arata²,

Amicizia³

et al. 2016

Geospat Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In order to alleviate the problems, generated mainly by financial crisis, the role of the pharmacist is gradually and progressively changing [7,8]. Despite the difficult time that it faces, community pharmacy must maintain its operation and survive at the upcoming time [9]. Except of social and medical objectives, there is also the economic objective of a community pharmacy that is focused on the generation of profit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of new healthcare legislation and price policy on healthcare services provider at the time of financial crisis. A 10 years study

Malovecka

Papargyris

Mináriková

et al. 2015

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Monitoring, calculation and assessment of healthcare services prosperity in the community pharmacy with the help of financial analysis indicators for the years 2003-2012, using financial statements was conducted, with respect to profitability, debt, liquidity, working capital, and efficiency parameters. These ratios reflect various changes that hold between years 2003 and 2012. Under the time of financial crisis, recession and serious socio-economic changes the profitability parameter Gross Profit ranged from 2003-2011 = 16.12-22.79% (average = 19.20%; mean = 19.78%; σ = 2.41), but in 2012 decreased on 14.35%. Net Profit ranged 2003-2011 = 10.96-18.3% (average = 14.62%; mean = 16.62%; σ = 4.92), while in 2012 reached only 2.29%. Debt ratio ranged from 2003-2012= 2.33-4.81 (average = 3.44; mean = 3.07; σ = 0.82). Liquidity parameters Current Ratio spread between 2003-2012 = 1.13-1.71 (average = 1.43; mean = 1.46; σ = 0.15) and Quick Ratio spread between 2003-2012 = 0.72-1.27 (average = 1.07; mean = 1.09; σ = 0.15). Working Capital Ratio ranged from 2003-2012 = 2.66-12.94 (average = 9.58; mean = 10.06; σ = 3.1) and efficiency ratios were measured either. All changes that have taken place in the society had an impact on community pharmacy finance by worsening its profitability, liquidity, working capital and some of efficiency parameters. Therefore the stability of community pharmacy may be threatened and may affect its future performance.

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Remote Healthcare Services

Heydon

2022

Encyclopedia of Evidence in Pharmaceutical Public Health and Health Services Research in Pharmacy

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Geographical access to community pharmacies in New Zealand

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

Assessing spatial inequalities in accessing community pharmacies: a mixed geographically weighted approach

Assessing spatial inequalities in accessing community pharmacies: a mixed geographically weighted approach

Impact of new healthcare legislation and price policy on healthcare services provider at the time of financial crisis. A 10 years study

Remote Healthcare Services

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