Geographical distribution and spatio-temporal patterns of dengue cases in Jeddah Governorate from 2006-2008

Alzahrani, Abdullah; Mazroa, Mohammad A. Al; Al-Rabeah, Abdullah; Ibrahim, Adel; Mokdad, Ali H.; Memish, Ziad A.

doi:10.1093/trstmh/trs011

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These observations are in agreement with the previously published studies from the kingdom, where similar rates of dengue viral serotypes −1, −2 and −3 have been continuously observed in the Western province of the country since the first epidemic in 1994 [3, 12, 24]. Furthermore, the current data suggest that many of the IgM positive cases ( n = 50) were at the convalescence stage of infection since not all individuals were concomitantly positive by PCR [1, 14].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The prevalence of dengue virus serotypes in asymptomatic blood donors reveals the emergence of serotype 4 in Saudi Arabia

Ashshi

2017

Virol J

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BackgroundTransmission of dengue virus (DENV) through blood transfusion has been documented and hence screening for DENV during blood donation has been recently recommended by the American Association of Blood Banks and Centres of Disease Control and Prevention. DENV is endemic in the Western province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and serotypes 1, 2 and 3, but not 4, have been detected. However, little is known regarding the rates of DENV during blood donation in the kingdom. The aim of this study was therefore to measure the prevalence of dengue virus and its serotypes in eligible Saudi blood donors in the endemic Western region of KSA.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study and serum samples were collected from 910 eligible Saudi male blood donors. DENV IgM and IgG antibodies were measured serologically by ELISA while viral serotypes were detected by a single step IVD CE certified multiplex RT-PCR kit.ResultsThe overall prevalence was 39 and 5.5% for IgG+ and IgM+, respectively. There were 12 (1.3%) with exclusively IgM+, 317 (34.8%) exclusively IgG+ and 38 (4.2%) with dual IgM+/IgG+ donors. The overall prevalence was 3.2% (n = 29) and 2.3% (n = 21) for primary and secondary infections. PCR was positive in 5.5% (n = 50) and, DENV-2 (n = 24; 48%) was the most frequent serotype and was significantly higher than DENV-1 (20%; P = 0.02) and DENV-3 (2%; P = 0.1 × 10−5) but not DENV-4 (30%; P = 0.2). There was no significant difference between both DENV-4 and DENV-1 (P = 0.4). The combination of the PCR and serology findings showed that 22 (2.4%) and 28 (3.1%) donors had primary and secondary viremic infections, respectively.ConclusionsThe detected rates of DENV by PCR suggest a potential high risk of viral transmission by blood transfusion. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the detection of DENV-4 serotype in Saudi Arabia. More studies are required to measure the precise prevalence of DENV serotypes and their potential transmission rate during blood donation in the kingdom.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The prevalence of dengue virus serotypes in asymptomatic blood donors reveals the emergence of serotype 4 in Saudi Arabia

Ashshi

2017

Virol J

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“…The significant risk factor was being a male between 15 and 29 years of age [19]. The same two factors were also reported by two other studies, one conducted in 2006 and another in 2008 [7,20].…”

Section: Risk Factors From Studies Of Infectionssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…The same two factors were also reported by two other studies, one conducted in 2006 and another in 2008 [7,20]. The south and central-north regions were the most infected areas [19]. Lack of electricity and having water basins in the house were identified as significant risk factors for DF in the 2006 study [20].…”

Section: Risk Factors From Studies Of Infectionssupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Another study in Brazil also confirmed that the risk of dengue transmission increased with high temperatures [24]. Four studies have shown that male gender and young age are significant risk factors for DF [7,15,19,20]. These findings are inconsistent with three studies performed in Australia, France and Mexico, which documented that DF was more common among the female population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The epidemiology of Dengue fever in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review

Alhaeli

Bahkali

Alı̀

et al. 2016

Journal of Infection and Public Health

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Dengue fever (DF) is the most serious mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. DF is an acute febrile illness caused by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which are endemic in certain cities of Saudi Arabia, such as Jeddah and Makkah (Mecca). An online literature search was conducted using relevant keywords to retrieve DF studies conducted in Saudi Arabia. Forty-five articles were identified initially. After screening for exclusion and retrieving full texts, a total of 10 articles were used for this review. Four studies were cross-sectional, and three observed a seroprevalence ranging from 31.7% to 56.9%, either among clinically suspected cases or among patients visiting the hospital for other reasons. Evidence extracted from risk factors and distribution studies indicated that young males are commonly affected. Fever, vomiting, thrombocytopenia and leukopoenia were the common features of the three studies related to clinical presentation of DF. One cross-sectional study concerning an educational program for DF demonstrated that a positive family history of DF, literate mothers, and age over 17 years were the predictors of a high DF knowledge score. However, the paucity of large epidemiological studies limits the generalizability of such evidence. Future studies in Saudi Arabia should focus upon the expansion of DF to other cities in the Kingdom. Larger epidemiological studies are needed for estimating the true burden and incidence of DF in the Saudi population, as they are limited to seroprevalence among clinically suspected cases and hospital-based patients.

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“…A Standard Deviational Ellipse (SDE) model was used in Banjar City (Rahmaniati et al, 2014). In contrast, there were numerous studies in mainland Asia applying space-time scan statistics to strengthen DF surveillance system in Malaysia (Cheong et al, 2014), Saudi Arabia (Alzahrani et al, 2013), Thailand (Jeefoo et al, 2010), Bangladesh (Banu et al, 2012), China (Li et al, 2012), andVietnam (Toan et al, 2013). Cimahi village, located in the heart of Cimahi City (Figure 1) with 15,563 persons per km 2 next to Karangmekar and Cibabat (Cimahi Municipal Bureau of Statistics, 2014), was consistently identified as a most likely cluster between 2007 and 2010 and appeared as a secondary cluster in 2011-2013.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space-time scan statistics of 2007-2013 dengue incidence in Cimahi city, Indonesia

Dhewantara¹,

Ruliansyah²,

Fuadiyah³

et al. 2015

Geospat Health

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Dengue fever threatens more than 200 million people in Indonesia. The disease has spread to over 400 of Indonesia's 497 districts, 26 of which have been declared hyper-endemic. These districts are all situated in West Java, the most densely populated province in the country. A study was conducted to detect clusters of dengue incidence during 2007-2013 in Cimahi City, which is situated in the Bandung metropolitan area in West Java. A temporal-spatial analysis based on population data from the local Bureau of Statistics, and monthly analysis of dengue incidence from the local Municipality Health Office, were performed using SaTScan™. This retrospective space-time analysis with a Poisson distribution model and monthly precision revealed 24 significant clusters (P<0.001) throughout the seven-year study period. The most likely cluster was detected in the centre of Cimahi City and followed as it moved to the northern part of the city. Several primary and secondary clusters were identified in villages surrounding Cimahi City over time, and our conclusion is that we identified a dynamic spread of dengue fever initiated from the city centre to surrounding areas during the study period. In general, clusters were more common in the first quarter of each year. An in-depth investigation to understand relevant risk factors in high-risk areas in Cimahi city is encouraged.

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Geographical distribution and spatio-temporal patterns of dengue cases in Jeddah Governorate from 2006-2008

Abstract: Our unique data with geographical coding enabled us to detect and target dengue clusters that support the use of geospatial information in infection control in Saudi Arabia and would allow for better targeting of interaction progress.

Cited by 31 publications

References 19 publications

The prevalence of dengue virus serotypes in asymptomatic blood donors reveals the emergence of serotype 4 in Saudi Arabia

The prevalence of dengue virus serotypes in asymptomatic blood donors reveals the emergence of serotype 4 in Saudi Arabia

The epidemiology of Dengue fever in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review

Space-time scan statistics of 2007-2013 dengue incidence in Cimahi city, Indonesia

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