Geographical variation in Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mojave rattlesnake) venom properties

Systemic pathological effects induced by cobra (Naja naja) venom from geographically distinct origins of Indian peninsula

“…The variation in venom composition and pharmacology has been addressed for different snake venoms at several levels (Chipppaux et al, 1991). Studies on understanding the intra-specific variability of venoms are gaining much attention with the intention of production of efficacious therapeutic antivenom and have been studied extensively (Goncalves, 1956;Glenn et al, 1983;Silveira et al, 1990;Yang et al, 1991;Lomonte and Carmona, 1992;Oguiura et al, 2000;Ferquel et al, 2007).…”

Molecular Evolution and Phylogeny of Elapid Snake Venom Three-Finger Toxins

“…It is anticipated that this ''three-finger toxin toolkit'' will prove to be Introduction Many venom components are invaluable in molecular, biochemical, and biomedical research due to their specificity and potency. The variation in the biochemical composition of snake venom occurs between closely related species or even within a species itself (Jime´nez-Porras 1964;Glenn et al 1983;Yang et al 1991;Assakura et al 1992;Daltry et al 1996;Fry et al 2002). The great diversity of snake venom toxins is due to their mode of evolution, which is subject to frequent duplication of toxin-encoding genes that is sometimes followed by functional and structural diversification (Moura-da-Silva et al 1995;Slowinski et al 1997;Afifiyan et al 1999;Chang et al 1999;Kordis and Gubensek 2000) and accelerated rates of sequence evolution (e.g., Kini and Chan 1999;Nakashima et al 1995).…”

Identification of a Neurotoxic Venom Component in the Tiger Rattlesnake, Crotalus tigris

“…However, no specimens were tested from the western area of their range within the United States or from Mexico. Considering previous work showing that distributions of Mojave toxin and Mojave toxin subunits are not geographically uniform in other crotalids (Glenn et al, 1983;Wilkinson et al, 1991;Wooldridge et al, 2001;French, 2002;Powell, 2003), it is possible that Mojave toxin in C. tigris may not be universal across their entire range and there may be regions in Mexico or the United States where C. tigris may lack one or both of the subunits to produce the toxin. Additional sampling and testing is necessary to determine the complete distribution of Mojave toxin and Mojave toxin subunits in C. tigris.…”

“…Mojave toxin is a neurotoxic venom component found in some C. scutulatus (Glenn and Straight, 1978;Glenn et al, 1983;Rael et al, 1984;Wilkinson et al, 1991). The expression of Mojave toxin in C. scutulatus in the United States has been shown to vary geographically.…”

“…The expression of Mojave toxin in C. scutulatus in the United States has been shown to vary geographically. For example, various authors have identified populations of C. scutulatus in central Arizona that do not express Mojave toxin (Glenn and Straight, 1978;Glenn et al, 1983;Wilkinson et al, 1991). Mojave toxin is a presynaptically acting neurotoxin (Gopalakrishnakone et al, 1980) that is composed of two peptides (Aird et al, 1985;Zepeda et al, 1985), a nontoxic acidic subunit (subunit A) and a phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) basic subunit (subunit B), which is mildly toxic (Cate and Bieber, 1978).…”