Geographical variation in the prevalence of female genital mutilation in the Kurdistan region of Iraq

Shabila, Nazar P.

doi:10.26719/emhj.19.009

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A prevalence of 40% was recorded in the early 2010s, which varied by the geographical areas and governorates from 4% in Dohuk to 58% in Erbil. Much higher rates were recorded in some rural areas of Suleimaniya governorate [9][10][11]. In 2018, the prevalence was 37.5%, ranging from 3.1% in Dohuk governorate to 45.1% and 50.1% in Suleimaniya and Erbil governorates [12].…”

Section: Fgm In Iraqi Kurdistan Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research has shown that several factors can be associated with the increased prevalence of FGM, including the age of the girl or woman, education level of the girl and their parents, the economic status of the family, living in rural areas, and the FGM status of the mother [10,19]. In 2011, the prevalence of FGM in Iraqi Kurdistan Region was lower in the younger age group (15-30 years) than the older one (31-49 years), which might indicate a decreasing trend of FGM [9]. The change in the trend and rates of FGM over time is not well studied in Iraqi Kurdistan Region, and the associated factors are not examined adequately.…”

Section: Rational and Purpose Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in the prevalence and trends of female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan Region between 2011 and 2018

Shabila

2021

BMC Women's Health

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Background Female genital mutilation (FGM) is commonly practiced in Iraqi Kurdistan Region, where there are extensive efforts to combat the practice over the last decade. This study aimed to determine the trends and changes in the FGM prevalence in Iraq between 2011 and 2018 and assess their associated factors. Methods Secondary data analysis of the Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011 and 2018 was carried out to calculate the prevalence and the relative changes in the prevalence of FGM for 2011 and 2018 by governorate. The change in the prevalence was compared with the changes in other exposure variables such as age, education level, wealth, and area of residence over the same period. Results The prevalence of FGM in 2018 was high in Erbil and Suleimaniya governorates (50.1% and 45.1%). The prevalence of FGM decreased remarkably from 2011 to 2018 in all governorates of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The decrease in the prevalence was statistically significant in Erbil and Suleimaniya. FGM prevalence declined remarkably in all age, education level, residence area groups, and most economic level groups. Such decline was associated with a significant increase in the education level, wealth, and urban residence. The decline was highest in the younger age groups, with a relative change of − 43.0% among 20–24 years and − 39.2% among 15–19 years. The decline was also highest in those with secondary and higher education (relative change = −32%). The decline was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (relative change = −35.3% and − 27.4%, respectively). The decline was higher among the poorest and second wealth quintile (relative change = −38.8% and − 27.2%, respectively). Conclusion The trend of FGM in Iraqi Kurdistan Region declined remarkably and significantly from 2011 to 2018. Further decline is predicted because of having lower rates and a higher decline in the younger age groups. However, the rates remained high in Erbil and Suleimaniya governorates that need further intensifying the preventive measures. The education level of women plays a primary role in decreasing the prevalence and should be considered in future efforts to ban the practice.

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Section: Fgm In Iraqi Kurdistan Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rational and Purpose Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the prevalence and trends of female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan Region between 2011 and 2018

Shabila

2021

BMC Women's Health

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“…The practice can result in pain, bleeding, infection, and urinating problems as immediate health consequences. Chronic infections, cysts, chronic pain, birth complications, and sexual and emotional suffering are examples of long-term consequences of FGM [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2023

JGRM

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The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of TOT workshops on knowledge and skills of social workers working with girls and women affected by FGM. To demonstrate the findings, a quasi-experimental study was conducted with a preand post-assessment. There were 44 participants who worked with FGM victims across Iraqi Kurdistan. Socio-demographic details of the participants who have collected knowledge on psychosexual and physical care, psychosexual skills, and referral programs were assessed using a continuum scale of 0 to 4. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out for the analysis. The results showed that participants' knowledge and skills improved in relation to psychosexual and physical care for girls and women living with FGM and referral programs for them. The paired sample t-test carried showed a significant increase in knowledge among participants in psychosexual and physical care for girls and women living with FGM (t=11.01, df=43, P=.000), Psychosexual skills df=43, P=.000), and FGM victims referral Programs (t=14.02, df=43, P=.000). Preparing the social workers on the integration of physical and psychosocial care for girls and women living with FGM in their existing activities would equip them in providing holistic care for them in addressing the emerging psychosexual problems.

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“… 14 Although there is no precise statics about the percentage of circumcised girls, the FGM prevalence in Iran is low compared to other countries in the Middle East and Africa. Based on available sources, FGM is mainly carried out in four provinces, including Kurdistan, Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan, and Hormozgan 15 , 16 , 17 , while it is more prevalent in Qeshm Island in the southern province of Hormozgan 18 than in any other parts of Iran. Qeshm is the largest Island in Iran, including several cities and dozens of villages, located in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz.…”

Section: Introduction and Aimmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Female Genital Mutilation of African-Descent Iranians in Qeshm Island

Arabahmadi¹

2022

Afr H. Sci.

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Background: This article investigates the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) as a long-held custom in Qeshm Island, which makes many African-descended women face different physical and psychological health problems. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of female genital mutilation in Qeshm Island and the traditional mode of thinking of Afro-Iranian people of the Island about this practice. Methods: This study is based on the descriptive analysis method. The questions of the study are (a) Why female genital mutilation is still practiced in Qeshm Island; (b) What are the mental and physical effects of female genital mutilation on women; and (c) How government or NGOs are fighting against this tradition. The results: This article has found out that female genital mutilation resulted in many lifelong diseases and sexual degradation in African-descended women of Qeshm Island. This article also illustrates that the best way to combat this wrong tradition is to inform people by gradual training without any insult to their beliefs.Conclusion: This study reveals the prevalence of a false tradition and the necessity of behavioral change. In doing so, the government and NGOs' strong actions and attracting the support of the community elders are also needed. Keywords: Female Genital Mutilation; Gender Discrimination; Human Rights violation; NGOs' Campaign; Qeshm Island.

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Geographical variation in the prevalence of female genital mutilation in the Kurdistan region of Iraq

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Changes in the prevalence and trends of female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan Region between 2011 and 2018

Changes in the prevalence and trends of female genital mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan Region between 2011 and 2018

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A Study of Female Genital Mutilation of African-Descent Iranians in Qeshm Island

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