Geographies of infections: built environment and COVID-19 pandemic in metropolitan Melbourne

Do the determinants of COVID-19 transmission differ by epidemic wave? Evidence from U.S. counties

“…Our paper identified how the determinants of COVID-19 transmission varied during the three pandemic waves, further implying the necessity of unraveling the complexity of the pandemic across time. While a couple of recent papers were able to address the discrepancies among the waves ( Gaisie et al, 2022 ; Kim, Zanobetti, and Bell, 2021 ), our paper is the first to provide a holistic view based on the COVID-19 cases in the United States. In this section, we mainly address the changes in the effects of related factors across the three pandemic waves focusing on our four hypotheses.…”

“…To add, the authors showed that the positive relationship between non-Hispanic White and COVID-19 emerged during the later phases of the pandemic. On the other hand, Gaisie, Oppong-Yeboah, and Cobbinah (2022) reported that the relationship between density and infection cases are not consistent across pandemic waves based on their analysis of metropolitan Melbourne. In detail, the authors showed that density had a significant impact on COVID-19 transmission only during the first wave, while it changed to either insignificant (second wave) or a negative (third wave) relationship.…”

“…First, most studies focus on the early stage of the pandemic while assuming that the relationship between either population or built environment related factors and COVID-19 transmission would be consistent. We have recently witnessed a couple of case studies which reported that the relationship could differ across waves, implying the necessity of further investigation ( Kim, Zanobetti, & Bell, 2021 ; Gaisie et al, 2022 ). To the best of our knowledge, however, there is yet no literature on how the relationship between built environment and COVID-19 transmission differ by pandemic waves in the United States.…”

Environmental CSR From the Standpoint of Stakeholder Theory: Rethinking in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

“…Amid the global COVID-19 crisis, in the course of implementation of environmental CSR, environmental concern came to the fore to prevent the spread and emergence of a new viral threat. The works of many scientists, such as Gaisie et al (2022), Hu et al (2022) are indicative of natural causes of emergence (COVID-19 as a zoonotic disease which originated from introduction of infection from a sick animal to a human) and spread (poor level of sanitation which promotes the transmission of viruses in society, and an increase in the level of sanitation and social distancing as the measures to reduce the disease incidence) of the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Deep visual social distancing monitoring to combat COVID-19: A comprehensive survey

“…Besides, recent improvements in ML and DL allow object detection techniques to be quite efficient, which has benefited researchers to measure and monitor SD among pedestrians in public areas by analyzing recorded videos from fixed surveillance (e.g., CCTV cameras) or drone-based surveillance ( Elharrouss et al, 2021 , Haq et al, 2022 ). Typically, vision-based IoT systems already installed in public areas can be augmented with the people detection capability, which is a sub-task of the generic object detection process ( Gaisie et al, 2022 , Manzira et al, 2022 ). Moving on, adequate measures can be then initiated to measure the physical distances between detected pedestrians.…”