Geographies of Tolerance: Human Development, Heteronormativity, and Religion

Conceptualizing Tolerance as Recognition: Black American Endowed and Distinguished Professors of Education in US Colleges and Universities

“…Saulius (2013) claims that: "The notion of tolerance is used in various contexts; nevertheless, its meaning is short of clearance and distinctness" (p.49). A careful examination of a substantial number of scholarly works on tolerance shows a number of interrelated key words or terms utilized to define or explain this concept: grace; diversity; equality; freedom; acceptance; endurance; negative; positive; forbearance; civil liberties; empathy; autonomy; accomplishments; democracy; belonging; citizenship; open-mindedness; and reconciliation (Almond, 2010;Von Bergen et al, 2012;Furedi, 2012;Henshaw, 2014;Lee, 2010;Moore and Walker, 2011;Nieto, 1994;Saulius, 2013;Schirmer et al, 2012;Yovel, 1998). Examining tolerance from the perspective of grace, Yovel (1998) writes that: "Tolerance in the past (even in such Enlightenment writers as Locke, Voltaire, and Mendelssohn) had a patronizing character: it was seen not as a justified claim, a right based on some universal principle, but essentially as an act of grace" (p. 897; also see Nieto, 1994).…”

“…Moore and Walker (2011) note that: "Tolerance includes willingness to extend civil liberties to groups whose political views one dislikes… Tolerance makes one rely less on stereotypes for judgments while broadening perspectives and maintaining harmony/unity" (p. 49). According to Almond (2010), "tolerance is good" (p. 131; also see Henshaw, 2014). Schirmer et al (2012) point out that: "In most political and academic contexts, tolerance is considered as something positive.…”

Muslim Students and Attitudes toward Gay Men

“…Several other factors identified by researchers include concepts reproducing the social -moral bonds (Buttaro and Battle, 2012) micropanics (Guittar, 2013) secure attachment style (Jellison and McConnell, 2003) racial discrimination against the ingroup (Craig and Richeson, 2014) the direct environment (Blaauw, 2012) maternal attitudes (Oksal, 2008) the intimacy of contact (Heinze and Horn, 2009;Smith et al, 2009) levels of aversion toward homosexuals (Ncanana and Ige, 2014); educational attainment, communicating with full-fledged activists, having an ability to recognize heterosexism and maintaining a commitment to social justice (Swank and Fahs, 2013) age, educational level, religious affiliation, contact with homosexual persons (Adela, 2010) higher levels of knowledge (Alderson et al, 2009) public policy (Hooghe and Meeusen, 2013) and government institution (Henshaw, 2014).…”

“…Unlike gender, the facts show that religiosity is consistently associated with homophobia. A number of researchers found a negative relationship between religiosity and attitudes toward homosexuals (Hinrichs and Rosenberg, 2002;Gelbal and Duyan, 2006;Rowatt et al, 2009;Sherkat et al, 2009;Cunningham and Melton, 2012;Clobert et al, 2014;Cragun and Sumerau, 2014;Decoo, 2014;Henshaw, 2014;Kuptsevych, 2014;Gilad and Stepanova, 2015).…”

Dynamics of HSV-2 in the Presence of Optimal Counseling and Education among Prisoners

“…e actual number of instances is likely to be much higher than what is reported, mainly due to continual denial, fear of being exposed, or the criminalization of sodomy and homosexuality. As much as homosexuality is gaining more and more space worldwide, in sub-Saharan Africa, where HSV-2 is at its highest, homosexuality is still being criminalized in most of those countries [16][17][18][19]. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa, like Zimbabwe, stated that they do not distribute condoms to inmates in the country's prisons as there was no policy in place to guide such a program [20,21].…”