Geography and past climate changes have shaped the evolution of a widespread lizard from the Chilean hotspot

Phylogenomic analysis of the Chilean clade ofLiolaemuslizards (Squamata: Liolaemidae) based on sequence capture data

“…Nevertheless, few authors recognize these two taxa as their distributions partially overlap ( Formas, 1979 ), conflicting with the subspecies concept ( Mayr & Ashlock, 1991 ). A recent phylogeographic study found three deeply divergent clades within Liolaemus tenuis sensu lato , suggesting these could constitute distinct species ( Muñoz-Mendoza et al, 2017 ). Therefore, we have included representatives of those three lineages in this study, representing the two subspecies of Liolaemus tenuis ( L. t. tenuis and L. t. punctatissimus ), as well as the third divergent lineage found within the nominal Liolaemus tenuis , which is here referred to as L. sp.…”

Mountains as Islands: Species Delimitation and Evolutionary History of the Ant-Loving Beetle Genus Panabachia (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) from the Northern Andes

“…Additionally, a widespread species appears to be present in northern páramo sites, and some sister species sympatry may indicate other diversification processes have operated on certain lineages of Panabachia. Divergence time estimates suggest that Panabachia originated in the Miocene, but most species analyzed diverged during the Pliocene and Pleistocene (5.3-0.11 Mya), contemporaneous with the evolution of páramo plant species.Insects 2020, 11, 64 2 of 19 allowing species to exchange genetic material between populations that were usually separated by elevation [5,14], or, alternately, driving the fragmentation of species distributions [5,13,15,16].In the present day, a tropical alpine ecosystem known as páramo is found in the northern Andes above 2800 m, comprising numerous isolated island patches [17,18]. Multiple factors, including isolation due to elevation and climatic oscillations, have played into shaping the current diversity in the páramo [9,18].…”

“…These include morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations as results of experiencing harsh abiotic conditions, such as extreme temperatures, higher solar radiation, desiccation and reduced oxygen pressure [19][20][21].The phylogeographic structure of few Andean species has been assessed, most focusing on vascular plants and vertebrate species in a larger phylogeographical context [9,15,22,23]. These studies have revealed that most páramo lineages are quite young (0.0025-5.33 Mya-Pliocene and Pleistocene; [5]), and that the orogeny of the Andes has played an important role shaping their phylogeographical patterns [5,15,[21][22][23]. The few studies done on insect lineages from high elevations have also shown that allopatric speciation is a contributing factor to their diversity patterns [24][25][26][27][28].…”

“…Insects 2020, 11, 64 2 of 19 allowing species to exchange genetic material between populations that were usually separated by elevation [5,14], or, alternately, driving the fragmentation of species distributions [5,13,15,16].…”

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“…Understanding species response to climate change is crucial in order to adequately manage conservation efforts (Thomas et al, 2004;Araújo & Rahbek, 2006;Warren et al, 2013). Several authors have already warned about the dire consequences of climate change on ecosystems and across a wide range of taxa (Walther et al, 2002;Quintero & Wiens, 2013;Muñoz-Mendoza et al, 2017). Our worst-case scenario analysis suggests that the guanaco will have lost up to ~16% of its current geographic distribution by 2070.…”