Geography-based analysis of the Internet infrastructure

Abstract

Abstract-In this paper, we study some geographic aspects of the Internet. We base our analysis on a large set of geolocated IP hop-level session data (including about 300, 000 backbone routers, 130 million end hosts, and one billion sessions) that we synthesized from a variety of different input sources such as US census data, computer usage statistics, Internet market share data, IP geolocation data sets, CAIDA's Skitter data set for backbone connectivity, and BGP routing tables. We use this model to perform a nationwide and statewide geographic analysis of the Internet. Our main observations are: (1) There is a dominant coast-to-coast pattern in the US Internet traffic. In fact, in many instances even if the end-devices are not near either coast, still the traffic between them takes a long detour through the coasts. (2) More than half of the Internet paths are inflated by 100% or more compared to their corresponding geometric straight-line distance. This circuitousness makes the average ratio between the routing distance and geometric distance big (around 10). (3) The weighted mean hop count is around 5, but the hop counts are very loosely correlated with the distances. The weighted mean AS count (number of ASes traversed) is around 3.

The Use of European Internet Communication Properties for IP Geolocation

“…The correlation coefficient between hop count and distance was identified as r = 0.32 with the linear model equal to y [ms] = 0.001576 x [km] + 11.97. Compared to the results presented in [17], the correlation coefficient for the US was about 0.15. This finding means that the hop count is slightly more dependent on the distance in Europe than in the US, but still is too small to make it usable for measurement-based Geolocation.…”

“…Geographical properties of the Internet are also studied to improve IP Geolocation accuracy. In [17], Kasiviswanathan et al studied the relationship between routing paths and geographical distance. They analysed routing paths in the US using several datasets such as Skitter and ip2location.…”

Multi-Domain Network Slicing With Latency Equalization

“…Measurements on the Internet concluded that in the United States about 96% of paths have less than 3 hops counted in autonomous systems (i.e. domains) [33]. The number of messages that an NSA exchanges with the domain nodes' for link capacity updates and slice set up are proportional, respectively, to the number of nodes I m and the number of hops on the intra-domain path per session H m k,s .…”

“…The number of messages that an NSA exchanges with the domain nodes' for link capacity updates and slice set up are proportional, respectively, to the number of nodes I m and the number of hops on the intra-domain path per session H m k,s . The number of hops per session on Internet is measured in [33], [34] and it is found that one session on average has between 5 and 20 hops. Alternatively, we can use the small world approximation [35] for the average number of hops for one session (k, s) is m∈M k,s log(I m ).…”

Macroscopic Geographical Speed of Data Transmission in European Internet

“…Kasiviswanathan et al [10] studied the geographical aspects of the Internet. The measurements were focused on the global US and particular US states.…”