Geography of Technology Transfer in China

Abstract

Graphs can model complex relationships between objects, enabling a myriad of Web applications such as online page/article classification and social recommendation. While graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as a powerful tool for graph representation learning, in an end-to-end supervised setting, their performance heavily relies on a large amount of task-specific supervision. To reduce labeling requirement, the "pre-train, fine-tune" and "pre-train, prompt" paradigms have become increasingly common. In particular, prompting is a popular alternative to fine-tuning in natural language processing, which is designed to narrow the gap between pre-training and downstream objectives in a task-specific manner. However, existing study of prompting on graphs is still limited, lacking a universal treatment to appeal to different downstream tasks. In this paper, we propose GraphPrompt, a novel pre-training and prompting framework on graphs. GraphPrompt not only unifies pre-training and downstream tasks into a common task template, but also employs a learnable prompt to assist a downstream task in locating the most relevant knowledge from the pre-trained model in a task-specific manner. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments on five public datasets to evaluate and analyze GraphPrompt. CCS CONCEPTS• Computing methodologies → Learning latent representations; • Information systems → Data mining.

Behavioral Characteristics of Older Adults in Community Public Spaces: Gender and Aging in Dalian, China

“…It was a transformation of men’s discourse on women and even women’s rights. It discussed women’s employment, education, and the right to free marriage (Y. Liu, 2016).…”

“…It was not until the 1990s that feminism gradually entered civil society from the government system and universities (Y. Liu, 2016).…”

“…Liu, 2016). However, Chinese feminism, which started from the system and gradually developed in the people, has not changed some of the perceived gender differences remaining in Chinese cultural consciousness (Y. Liu, 2016).…”

“…Du, 2005). According to policy, men and women usually have the same rights and obligations and are treated the same, while the differences between them are ignored (Y. Liu, 2016).…”

The structure and evaluation of educational research skills and accomplishments among rural teachers: Data from China

“…(2) Based on the educational research paradigm, Cai (2011) and Wei et al (2012) classified educational research activities as either qualitative research or quantitative research. While these divisions are directly derived from the structure of “research,” they lack the specific pertinence to “education.” In addition, “action research” is a form of research that differs from traditional academic educational research ( Liu, 2001 ), in that it is characterized as “research for action, research by actors, research in action” ( Chen, 2001 ) and places the “focus on actors’ self-reflection” ( Kemmis et al, 1982 ). This research paradigm has strong applicability for elementary education teachers, which was verified in a pre-investigation that formed part of this study.…”