Geological, fluid inclusion, and O–C–S–Pb–He–Ar isotopic constraints on the genesis of the Honghuagou lode gold deposit, northern North China Craton

The Lianhuashan Au deposit, located in the northern margin of North China Craton, is hosted in the metamorphic rocks of Neoarchean Wulashanyan Group along NNW-to N-trending faults, with pyrite as the predominant ore mineral. The mineralization process can be divided into four stages, involving stage I quartz-pyrite, stage II quartz-magnetite-chalcopyrite, stage III quartz-marcasite-pyrite, and stage IV quartz-calcite. Three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) have been identified, namely, pure carbonic inclusions (PC-type), aqueous-carbonic inclusions (AC-type), and aqueous inclusions (A-type). Stage I auriferous quartz veins host all three types of FIs, inclusions from stage II quartz are AC-and A-type, and only A-type FIs are recognized in stage III quartz and stage IV calcite veins. The FIs of stages I to IV were homogenized at temperatures of 300-360 °C, 275-326 °C, 252-289 °C, and 220-264 °C, with salinities of 4.0-11.7 wt%, 3.4-9.3 wt%, 2.1-7.0 wt%, and 1.4-3.1 wt% NaCl eqv., respectively. The ore-forming fluids belong to a medium-temperature, low-salinity H 2 O-NaCl-CO 2 system. Gold deposition was likely caused by fluid immiscibility. The δD H2O and δ 18 O H2O values of ore fluids vary from −121.1 to −112.4‰ and from 2.8 to 6.2‰, respectively, within the range of enriched mantle-derived fluids in the North China Craton. The carbon isotope compositions of calcite (δ 13 C PDB = −2.87 to −2.38‰) show the features of mantle carbon. S-Pb isotope compositions of pyrite (δ 34 S = 2. 58-3.96, 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 16. and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 37.305-37.338) reveal that the ore-forming materials may have originated from crustal rocks. Based on the geological and geochemical observations, we suggest that the Lianhuashan deposit can be classified as an orogenic gold deposit.

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Fluid evolution and ore genesis of the Lianhuashan lode gold deposit, northern North China Craton: evidence from fluid inclusions and H–O–C–S–Pb isotopes

Shi

Ke-yong

Wang

2021

Arab J Geosci

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Genesis of the Shirengou gold deposit, northern North China Craton, based on zircon U Pb, fluid inclusion, sulfide compositional and S isotope data

Yu,

Zeng,

Frimmel

et al. 2024

Journal of Geochemical Exploration

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3D Plotting of Gold Solubility and Gold Fineness: Quantitative Analysis of Ore-Forming Conditions in Hydrothermal Gold Deposits

Liang,

Ge,

Pei

et al. 2023

Lithosphere

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The 3D plotting of gold solubility and gold fineness aims to illustrate how to quantify their correlations with ore-forming conditions in hydrothermal gold deposits. The thermodynamic calculation of the Au-Ag solid solutions in Mathematica and the 3D plotting in MATLAB are used to build isopleths of gold solubility and gold fineness at different temperatures (200℃, 400℃), pressures (0.1, 5 kbar), salinities (1, 40 wt% NaCl eq.), and sulfur concentrations (0.01, 0.5 mol/kg). The plot indicates that the ore-forming conditions have different correlations with gold solubility and gold fineness. Average rates of change for the correlations are quantified, showing distinct values in the four pH-logfO2 fields of (I) HSO4−, (II) SO42−, (III) H2S, and (IV) HS−, where dominant gold and silver complexes have different dependencies on the conditions. The quantification of the plots illustrates that a decrease in gold solubility by one order of magnitude is possibly caused by a decrease in temperature of ≥40℃, the salinity of ≥9.6 wt% NaCl eq. or sulfur concentration of ≥0.14 mol/kg, or an increase in pressure of ≥3 kbar, while a decrease in gold fineness by 100 units is possibly caused by a decrease in temperature of ≥14 ℃, pressure of ≥1.4 kbar, or salinity of ≥4 wt% NaCl eq., or an increase in sulfur concentration of ≥0.07 mol/kg. Quantification results suggest that a sharp decrease in temperature may result in large-scale gold mineralization and a great variation in gold fineness. In addition, the quantification reveals that the correlation between gold solubility and gold fineness can be expressed by a function, providing a rapid method for 3D plotting.

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Geological, fluid inclusion, and O–C–S–Pb–He–Ar isotopic constraints on the genesis of the Honghuagou lode gold deposit, northern North China Craton

Cited by 5 publications

References 42 publications

Fluid evolution and ore genesis of the Lianhuashan lode gold deposit, northern North China Craton: evidence from fluid inclusions and H–O–C–S–Pb isotopes

Fluid evolution and ore genesis of the Lianhuashan lode gold deposit, northern North China Craton: evidence from fluid inclusions and H–O–C–S–Pb isotopes

Genesis of the Shirengou gold deposit, northern North China Craton, based on zircon U Pb, fluid inclusion, sulfide compositional and S isotope data

3D Plotting of Gold Solubility and Gold Fineness: Quantitative Analysis of Ore-Forming Conditions in Hydrothermal Gold Deposits

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