Geological Observations of Damage Asymmetry in the Structure of the San Jacinto, San Andreas and Punchbowl Faults in Southern California: A Possible Indicator for Preferred Rupture Propagation Direction

Dor, O.; Rockwell, T.; Ben‐Zion, Yehuda

doi:10.1007/3-7643-7585-x_3

Cited by 86 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…This adds to the list of signals that may be used to infer on a statistically preferred propagation direction of earthquakes on given fault sections. Other signals include asymmetric rock damage across the fault [59][60][61][62][63][64], asymmetric alongstrike aftershock sequences [65,66], asymmetric branching structures with respect to the main fault [67,68], and direct imaging of many small ruptures on a fault [69][70][71].…”

Section: -8 / Vol 79 May 2012mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversed-Polarity Secondary Deformation Structures Near Fault Stepovers

Ben‐Zion

Rockwell

Shi

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Mechanics

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We study volumetric deformation structures in stepover regions using numerical simulations and field observations, with a focus on small-scale features near the ends of rupture segments that have opposite-polarity from the larger-scale structures that characterize the overall stepover region. The reversed-polarity small-scale structures are interpreted to be generated by arrest phases that start at the barriers and propagate some distance back into the rupture segment. Dynamic rupture propagating as a symmetric bilateral crack produces similar (anti-symmetric) structures at both rupture ends. In contrast, rupture in the form of a predominantly unidirectional pulse produces pronounced reversedpolarity structures only at the fault end in the dominant propagation direction. Several observational examples at different scales from strike-slip faults of the San Andreas system in southern California illustrate the existence of reversed-polarity secondary deformation structures. In the examples shown, relatively-small pressure-ridges are seen only on one side of relatively-large extensional stepovers. This suggests frequent predominantly unidirectional ruptures in at least some of those cases, although multisignal observations are needed to distinguish between different possible mechanisms. The results contribute to the ability of inferring from field observations on persistent behavior of earthquake ruptures associated with individual fault sections.

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Section: -8 / Vol 79 May 2012mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversed-Polarity Secondary Deformation Structures Near Fault Stepovers

Ben‐Zion

Rockwell

Shi

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Mechanics

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“…Dorsey and Roering (2006) studied basin evolution northeast of the Clark fault, along Horse canyon and Buck ridge, and showed that as basins move through the restraining bend in Horse canyon they change their profiles from convex to concave. North of the trifurcation area, Dor et al (2006b) studied three outcrops of the fault core and described its asymmetry, as well as asymmetry in the damage of the adjacent Pleistocene sediments, and concluded that the northeast side of the fault is more damaged northwest of Anza. Lewis et al (2005) used fault zone trapped waves to image the internal structure of the different branches of the SJF south of the trifurcation area.…”

Section: Regional Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In southern California, Dor et al (2006b) observed significant asymmetric distribution of damage elements on one side of the principle slip surfaces of the San Jacinto, Punchbowl and San Andreas faults at a scale of a few meters. Lewis et al (2005Lewis et al ( , 2007 found clear asymmetry of low-velocity damaged fault zone layers from analysis of seismic fault zone trapped and head waves along sections of the San Jacinto and San Andreas faults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of high resolution DEM data to detect rock damage from geomorphic signals along the central San Jacinto Fault

2009

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“…This was documented along the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault (WILSON et al, 2005;DOR et al, 2006a), portions of the Garlock (SISK et al, 2005) and San Jacinto faults (STILLINGS, 2007) in California, and in a section of the Arima-Takatsuki fault in Japan (MITCHELL et al, 2008). Rock pulverization is assumed to be the result of a dynamic reduction of normal stress during earthquake ruptures (e.g., BRUNE et al, 1993;BEN-ZION, 2001), and its asymmetric distribution along a fault may indicate a preferred direction of rupture propagation (BEN-ZION and SHI, 2005;DOR et al, 2006bDOR et al, , 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Pulverized Tejon Lookout Granite Adjacent to the San Andreas and Garlock Faults: Implications for Earthquake Physics

Rockwell

Sisk

Girty

et al. 2009

Pure appl. geophys.

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We present new detailed analyses of samples of pulverized Tejon Lookout granite collected from sections adjacent to the San Andreas and Garlock faults in southern California. The Tejon Lookout granite is pulverized in all exposures within about 100 m from both faults. Chemical analyses indicate no or little weathering in the collected samples, although XRD analysis shows the presence of smectite, illite, and minor kaolinite in the clay-size fraction. Weathering products may dominate in the less than 1 micron fraction. The average grain size in all samples of pulverized Tejon Lookout granite ranges between 26 and 208 microns (silt to fine sand), with the particle size distribution in part a function of proximity to the primary slip zone. The San Andreas fault samples that we studied are generally finer grained than those collected from adjacent to the Garlock fault. The particle size distribution for each studied sample from both faults follows a pseudo-power law with a continuously changing exponent, which suggests that pulverization is not simply a consequence of direct shear. The average particle size that we determined for our samples is considerably coarser than reported in previous investigations, which we attribute to possible measurement errors in the prior work. Our data and observations suggest that dynamic fracturing in the wall rock of the San Andreas and Garlock faults only accounts for about 1% or less of the earthquake energy budget.

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Geological Observations of Damage Asymmetry in the Structure of the San Jacinto, San Andreas and Punchbowl Faults in Southern California: A Possible Indicator for Preferred Rupture Propagation Direction

Cited by 86 publications

References 83 publications

Reversed-Polarity Secondary Deformation Structures Near Fault Stepovers

Reversed-Polarity Secondary Deformation Structures Near Fault Stepovers

Application of high resolution DEM data to detect rock damage from geomorphic signals along the central San Jacinto Fault

Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Pulverized Tejon Lookout Granite Adjacent to the San Andreas and Garlock Faults: Implications for Earthquake Physics

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