Geology and hydrology of western Crawford County, Pennsylvania

Schiner, George R.; Gallaher, John T.

doi:10.3133/ofr78204

Cited by 2 publications

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“…The graphic photos and descriptions of the "burning river" have become part of its legacy, and this publicity reputedly hastened of the passage of the Water Pollution Control Act of 1972. Water quality of the Cuyahoga River near the mouth (tables [14][15][16] and the quality of fish, aquatic macroinvertebrate, and habitat are summarized for the Cuyahoga River Basin for the lower, middle, and upper main stem and selected tributaries (Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 1994c). The lower main stem, which includes the navigation channel, has improved dramatically since the late 1960's but has shown only slight improvement since the early 1980's.…”

Section: Effects From Urban Runoff and Incompletely Treated Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

National water-quality assessment of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York — Environmental and hydrologic setting

Casey¹,

Myers²,

Finnegan³

et al. 1998

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Situated in two major physiographic provinces, the Appalachian Plateaus and the Central Lowland, the basin includes varied topographic and geomorphic features that affect the hydrology. As of 1990, the basin was inhabited by approximately 10.4 million people. Lake effect has a large influence on the temperature and precipitation of the basin, especially along the leeward southeast shore of Lake Erie. Mean annual precipitation generally increases from west to east, ranging from 31.8 inches at Detroit, Mich., to 43.8 inches at Erie, Pa. The rocks that underlie the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin range in age from Cambrian through Pennsylvanian, but only Silurian through Pennsylvanian rocks are part of the shallow groundwater flow system. The position of the basin on the edge of the Michigan and Appalachian Basins is responsible for the large range in geologic time of the exposed rocks. Rock types range from shales, siltstones, and mudstones to coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates. Carbonate rocks consisting of limestones, dolomites, and calcareous shales also underlie the basin. All the basin is overlain by Pleistocene deposits till, fine-grained stratified sediments, and coarse-grained stratified sediments most of Wisconsinan age. A system of buried river valleys filled with various lacustrine, alluvial, and coarse glacial deposits is present in the basin. The soils of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin consist of two dominant soil orders: Alfisols and Inceptisols. Four other soil orders in the basin (Mollisols, Histisols, Entisols, and Spodosols) are of minor significance, making up less than 8 percent of the total area. The estimated water use for the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin for 1990 was 10,649 Mgal/d (million gallons per day). Power generation accounted for about 77 percent of total water withdrawals for the basin, whereas agriculture accounted for the least water-use withdrawals, at an estimated 38 Mgal/d. About 98 percent of the total water used in the basin was drawn from surface water; the remaining 2 percent was from ground water. Agricultural and urban land are the predominant land covers in the basin. Agriculture makes up approximately 74.7 percent of the total basin area; urban land use accounts for 11.2 percent; forested areas constitute 10.5 percent; and water, wetlands, rangeland, and barren land constitute less than 4.0 percent. The eight principal streams in the basin are the Clinton, Huron, and Raisin Rivers in Michigan, the Maumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, and Grand Rivers in Ohio, and Cattaraugus Creek in New York. The Maumee River, the largest stream in the basin, drains 6,609 mi2 and discharges just under 24 percent of the streamflow from the basin into Lake Erie. Combined, the eight principal streams discharge approximately 54 percent of the surface water from the basin to the Lake Erie system per year. Average runoff increases from west to east in the basin. The glacial and recent deposits comprise the unconsolidated aquifers and confining units within the basin. Yields of wells comp...

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Section: Effects From Urban Runoff and Incompletely Treated Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

National water-quality assessment of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York — Environmental and hydrologic setting

Casey¹,

Myers²,

Finnegan³

et al. 1998

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Evaluating System for Ground‐Water Contamination Hazards Due to Gas‐Well Drilling on the Glaciated Appalachian Plateau

Harrison

1983

Groundwater

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Recent drilling for natural gas in the Glaciated Appalachian Plateau area of northwestern Pennsylvania has caused limited, but increasing ground‐water contamination. By evaluating hydrogeologic parameters at a proposed gas well site, such as the ground‐water flow system, permeability of surficial sediments, and the presence of fracture zones, the contamination hazard of the site can be assessed. Three case studies document that the most hazardous sites are generally located on or near valley walls of major drainageways. The relatively steep hydraulic gradient, the frequent presence of highly permeable surficial sediments, and the low to moderate dilution of contaminants along the intermediate‐length flow paths at these sites all contribute to a relatively high pollution hazard. In addition to locating gas wells in high‐hazard hydrogeologic zones, allowing the annulus of gas wells to become pressurized is the other major factor contributing to aquifer contamination.

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Geology and hydrology of western Crawford County, Pennsylvania

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

National water-quality assessment of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York — Environmental and hydrologic setting

National water-quality assessment of the Lake Erie-Lake St. Clair Basin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York — Environmental and hydrologic setting

Evaluating System for Ground‐Water Contamination Hazards Due to Gas‐Well Drilling on the Glaciated Appalachian Plateau

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