Geology and structure of the Reykjanes volcanic system, Iceland

Sæmundsson, Kristján; Sigurgeirsson, Magnús Á.; Friðleifsson, G. Ó.

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.11.022

Cited by 82 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A detailed report on the surface geology and the structural characteristics of the Reykjanes area are presented in another contribution submitted to this volume (Saemundsson et al, 2018). In brief, the hydrothermal up-flow zone and surface hydrothermal activity at Reykjanes is centered within the late glacial hyaloclastite ridges (Tindar in Fig.…”

Section: The Reykjanes Geothermal Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Friðleifsson and Richter (2010) estimated the average subsidence rate of the Reykjanes strata to about 6 mm/year for half a million years, which is comparable with Vadon and Sigmundsson's (1997) calculations from Satellite Radar Interferometry over a 3 years period 1992-1995. Subsidence and rifting are continuing as evidenced by major (NM5) seismic events, that occur at intervals of several decades, and by the presence of Holocene normal faults with throws of several tens of meters (Saemundsson et al, 2018). The major seismic events affect both the hydrothermal field and its overlying fumaroles.…”

Section: The Reykjanes Geothermal Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Iceland Deep Drilling Project at Reykjanes: Drilling into the root zone of a black smoker analog

Friðleifsson¹,

Elders

Zierenberg

et al. 2020

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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The aim of the Iceland Deep Drilling Project is to drill into supercritical geothermal systems and examine their economic potential. The exploratory well IDDP-2 was drilled in the Reykjanes geothermal field in SW Iceland, on the landward extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Reykjanes geothermal field produces from a b300°C reservoir at 1 to 2.5 km depth and is unusual because it is recharged by seawater. The well was cased to 3000 m depth, and then angled towards the main up-flow zone of the system, to a total slant depth of 4659 m (~4500 m vertical depth). Based on alteration mineral assemblages, joint inversion of wireline logging, and rate of heating measurements, the bottom hole temperature is estimated to be about 535°C. The major problem encountered during drilling was the total loss of circulation below 3 km depth and continuing to the final depth. Drilling continued without recovering drill cuttings, consequently spot coring provided the only deep rock samples from the well. These cores are characteristic of a basaltic sheeted dike complex, with hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblages that range from greenschist to amphibolite facies, hornblende hornfels, and pyroxene hornfels, allowing the opportunity to investigate water-rock interaction in the active roots of an analog of a submarine hydrothermal system. As they have not yet been sampled, the composition of the deep fluids at Reykjanes is unknown at present. Cold water is currently being injected with the aim of enhancing permeability at depth, before allowing the well to heat up prior to flow tests planned for early 2019. The well has at least two fluid feed zones, a dominant one at 3.4 km depth and a second smaller one at 4.5 km. Extensive geophysical surveys of the Reykjanes Peninsula completed recently allow correlation of geophysical signals with rocks properties and in-situ conditions in the subsurface. Earthquake activity monitored with a local seismic network during drilling the IDDP-2 drilling detected abundant small earthquakes (M L ≤ 2) within the depth range of 3-5 km. A zone at 3-5 km depth below the producing geothermal field that was generally aseismic prior to drilling, but became seismically active during the drilling. The drilling of the IDDP-2 has achieved number of scientific and engineering firsts. It is the deepest and hottest drill hole so far sited on an active mid-ocean spreading center. It penetrated an active supercritical hydrothermal environment at depths analogous to those postulated as the high temperature reaction zones feeding black smoker systems.

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Section: The Reykjanes Geothermal Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Reykjanes Geothermal Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Iceland Deep Drilling Project at Reykjanes: Drilling into the root zone of a black smoker analog

Friðleifsson¹,

Elders

Zierenberg

et al. 2020

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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“…This especial geologic zone is called the ring of fire and countries close to this zone have exploitable geothermal prospects. Iceland is one the most successful countries in applying geothermal energy due to its unique geologic setting (divergent boundary in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean) (Saemundsson et al 2020). The East African countries (like Kenya) are also hosting terrestrial form of divergent boundaries and these days are Fig.…”

Section: General Geological Viewpointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of geothermal energy potential as a green source of energy with a look at energy consumption in Iran

Dashti

Korzani

2021

Geotherm Energy

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Regarding disadvantages of fossil fuels, renewables like geothermals can be an eco-friendly source of energy. In Iran, the availability of fossil fuels and poor policies surrounding subsidies (ranked as the first in giving subsidies) caused high energy consumption (1.75 times higher than the global average). Energy is mainly provided by fossil fuels that leads to high CO2 emission. This study evaluates the energy consumption trend and potentials of more sustainable resources like geothermals in Iran. The formation of geothermals is tightly linked with geological prerequisites that are partly present within Iran. Adjacency of the metamorphic with volcanic zones, existence of numerous faults and seismic activity of Iran are notable geological characteristics confirming the geothermal potential. In Iran, 18 regions are being explored as the most promising geothermal prospects. To test the potentials of one of these regions, a geothermal power plant with a capacity of 5 MWe is installed in the Sabalan Field. Northwest (where Sabalan Field is located), central (like Mahalat Region) and southeast of Iran (Makran Zone) can be regarded as promising zones for hosting geothermal prospects.

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“…There are four distinct volcanic systems on the Reykjanes Peninsula, from west to east: Reykjanes, Krísuvík, Brennisteinsfjöll, and Hengill fissure swarms [42,43], see Figure 1. The Reykjanes fissure swarm, which the Reykjanes geothermal field is a part of, is at least 45 km in length, where 30 km are on land [44]. The Reykjanes geothermal field is at the SW tip of the Peninsula and is one of the smallest geothermal areas in Iceland.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Corrosion Resistance Properties of Heat Exchanger Metals in Two Different Geothermal Environments

Davíđsdóttir¹,

Gunnarsson²,

Kristjánsson³

et al. 2021

Geosciences

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Geothermal fluids harnessed for electricity production are generally corrosive because of their interaction with the underground. To ensure the longevity and sustainability of geothermal Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) powerplants, the choice of heat exchanger material is essential. The performance of heat exchangers is affected by corrosion and scaling due to the geothermal fluids, causing regular cleaning, part replacement, and in the worst cases, extensive repair work. The properties of geothermal fluids vary between geothermal settings and even within geothermal sites. Differences in exposure conditions require different material selection considerations, where factors such as cost, and material efficiency are important to consider. This work studies in-situ geothermal exposure testing of four metals at two geothermal locations, in different geological settings. Four corrosion-resistant materials were exposed for one month at Reykjanes powerplant in Iceland and four months at Chaunoy oil field in France as material candidates for heat exchangers. The tested alloys were analysed for corrosion with macro- and microscopic techniques using optical and electron microscopes, which give an indication of the different frequencies of repairs and replacement. Inconel 625 showed no effects at Reykjanes and cracks at Chaunoy. The others (316L, 254SMO, and titanium grade 2) showed either corrosion or erosion traces at both sites.

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Geology and structure of the Reykjanes volcanic system, Iceland

Cited by 82 publications

References 22 publications

The Iceland Deep Drilling Project at Reykjanes: Drilling into the root zone of a black smoker analog

The Iceland Deep Drilling Project at Reykjanes: Drilling into the root zone of a black smoker analog

Study of geothermal energy potential as a green source of energy with a look at energy consumption in Iran

Study of Corrosion Resistance Properties of Heat Exchanger Metals in Two Different Geothermal Environments

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