“…Berea sandstone, hailing from the Berea Quarry in Ohio (USA), is a well-studied and widely accepted standard reservoir material used by the petroleum industry for many years in laboratory flow experiments (eg., core flooding), flow models, and core analysis research (Pepper et al, 1954;Hazlett, 1995;Øren & Bakke, 2003;Bera et al, 2011;Leu et al, 2014;Sharqawy, 2016). The Berea sandstone is chosen for its accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and well-studied nature, which enables comparison of our results with those of previous studies.…”