Geomagnetic disturbance effects on power systems

Albertson, V. D.; Bozoki, B.; Feero, W.E.; Kappenman, John G.; Larsen, E.V.; Nordell, Daniel E.; Ponder, J.Z.; Prabhakara, F.S.; Thompson, K.; Walling, R.

doi:10.1109/61.252646

Cited by 99 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…If the disturbance speed relative to the medium speed is larger than the medium magnetosonic speed, interplanetary (IP) shocks are driven ahead of the disturbance The interaction of IP shocks with the Earth's magnetosphere is also a direct cause of large changes in the electric fields within the magnetosphere-ionosphere system (Gonzalez et al, 1994). Such highly variable geospace electric fields generate electric currents on the ground, which in turn induce, according to Faraday's law of induction (Pirjola, 2000(Pirjola, , 2002, electric fields that couple with artificial conductors, affecting the flow of electric currents in power systems, leading to equipment damage and disruption of power supplies (Albertson et al, 1993;Bolduc, 2002;Béland & Small, 2005;Gaunt & Coetzee, 2007;Gaunt, 2016;Kappenman, , 2006Marshall et al, 2012). Such currents are the well-known geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), whose manifestation corresponds to abrupt and strong temporal changes in the geomagnetic field on the ground (dB∕dt) (Viljanen, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomagnetically Induced Currents Caused by Interplanetary Shocks With Different Impact Angles and Speeds

et al. 2018

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The occurrence of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) poses serious threats to modern technological infrastructure. Large GICs result from sharp variations of the geomagnetic field (dB/dt) caused by changes of large‐scale magnetospheric and ionospheric currents. Intense dB/dt perturbations are known to occur often in high‐latitude regions as a result of storm time substorms. Magnetospheric compressions usually caused by interplanetary shocks increase the magnetopause current leading to dB/dt perturbations more evident in midlatitude to low‐latitude regions, while they increase the equatorial electrojet current leading to dB/dt perturbations in dayside equatorial regions. We investigate the effects of shock impact angles and speeds on the subsequent dB/dt perturbations with a database of 547 shocks observed at the L1 point. By adopting the threshold of dB/dt = 100 nT/min, identified as a risk factor to power systems, we find that dB/dt generally surpasses this threshold when following impacts of high‐speed and nearly frontal shocks in dayside high‐latitude locations. The same trend occurs at lower latitudes and for all nightside events but with fewer high‐risk events. Particularly, we found nine events in equatorial locations with dB/dt > 100 nT/min. All events were caused by high‐speed and nearly frontal shock impacts and were observed by stations located around noon local time. These high‐risk perturbations were caused by sudden strong and symmetric magnetospheric compressions, more effectively intensifying the equatorial electrojet current, leading to sharp dB/dt perturbations. We suggest that these results may provide insights for GIC forecasting aiming at preventing degradation of power systems due to GICs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomagnetically Induced Currents Caused by Interplanetary Shocks With Different Impact Angles and Speeds

et al. 2018

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“…Time-varying electric and magnetic fields at Earth's surface are driven by time variations in ionospheric currents on time scales of seconds to hours (Ohtani et al, 2000) and the movement of Earth's surface relative to slow-varying current systems in Earth's ionosphere that are near stationary relative to the Sun (Stening and Winch, 2013). Of particular interest are currents induced in electric power systems because they can lead to system degradation, disruption, and failure (Albertson et al, 1993;Gaunt, 2014;NERC, 2012). Accurate estimation of GIC magnitudes is important for power system design, retrospective analysis, and mitigation of the impacts of space weather on power systems (Gaunt, 2014;Molinski, 2002;NERC, 2012;Thomson et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of the Frequency Independence Assumption of Power System Coefficients Used in Geomagnetically Induced Current Estimates

Weigel

Cilliers

2019

Space Weather

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A common assumption used when estimating geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in a power system given a time series of nearby direct measurements or indirect estimates of the horizontal geoelectric field components E x (t) and E y (t) on Earth's surface is that the system is resistive. That is, the approximationwhere a o and b o are frequency-independent power system coefficients. A first test of this assumption is made using GIC measurements in a 187 kV transformer connected to a ∼100 km power line in Memanbetsu, Japan and geoelectric field measurements made at the Memanbetsu Magnetic Observatory ∼9 km away. A second model (Model 2) is obtained using a frequency domain generalization of Model 1:The coefficients a( ) and b( ) are shown to be frequency-dependent, and this model provides significantly better estimates of the measured GIC than Model 1. Based on results using a simulated geoelectric field, it is suggested that the measurement-derived frequency dependence of the system coefficients may be explained by spatial variations in the spectrum of the geoelectric field over the spatial extent of the power system. It is also shown that further improvements over Model 2 can be made using frequency-dependent models with the geomagnetic field as an input.

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“…Here, along with losses in copper and steel, similar to losses in a transformer, due to the significant difference between speeds of rotating fields created by higher harmonics and the motor rotor, additional losses arise in damper windings and the magnetic core of the motor. A long-term GIC impact can bring about a cumulative effect that shortens the operating life of the transformer [Albertson et al, 1992].…”

Section: Gic In Conductive Systems and Power Transformersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space weather impact on ground-based technological systems

Pilipenko

2021

Solar-Terrestrial Physics

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This review, offered for the first time in the Russian scientific literature, is devoted to various aspects of the problem of the space weather impact on ground-based technological systems. Particular attention is paid to hazards to operation of power transmission lines, railway automation, and pipelines caused by geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) during geomagnetic disturbances. The review provides information on the main characteristics of geomagnetic field variability, on rapid field variations during various space weather mani-festations. The fundamentals of modeling geoelectric field disturbances based on magnetotelluric sounding algorithms are presented. The approaches to the assessment of possible extreme values of GIC are considered. Information about economic effects of space weather and GIC is collected. The current state and prospects of space weather forecasting, risk assessment for technological systems from GIC impact are discussed. While in space geophysics various models for predicting the intensity of magnetic storms and their related geomagnetic disturbances from observations of the interplanetary medium are being actively developed, these models cannot be directly used to predict the intensity and position of GIC since the description of the geomagnetic field variability requires the development of additional models. Revealing the fine structure of fast geomagnetic variations during storms and substorms and their induced GIC bursts appeared to be important not only from a practical point of view, but also for the development of fundamentals of near-Earth space dynamics. Unlike highly specialized papers on geophysical aspects of geomagnetic variations and engineering aspects of the GIC impact on operation of industrial transformers, the review is designed for a wider scientific and technical audience without sacrificing the scientific level of presentation. In other words, the geophysical part of the review is written for engineers, and the engineering part is written for geophysicists. Despite the evident applied orientation of the studies under consideration, they are not limited to purely engineering application of space geophysics results to the calculation of possible risks for technological systems, but also pose a number of fundamental scientific problems

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Geomagnetic disturbance effects on power systems

Cited by 99 publications

References 11 publications

Geomagnetically Induced Currents Caused by Interplanetary Shocks With Different Impact Angles and Speeds

Geomagnetically Induced Currents Caused by Interplanetary Shocks With Different Impact Angles and Speeds

An Evaluation of the Frequency Independence Assumption of Power System Coefficients Used in Geomagnetically Induced Current Estimates

Space weather impact on ground-based technological systems

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