Geometric, effective solid angles and intrinsic efficiencies of a 3 × 3 in. NaI(Tl) for isotropic and non-isotropic photon emission

Kaplanis, S.N.

doi:10.1016/0020-708x(82)90219-8

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Ra228 as part of Th232 decay chain absolute counting efficiency (ε A ) of a detector is defined as the total number of photons counted (N C ) out of the ) emitted by the sample. It is a function of the absorption cross-section and active thickness of the detector crystal (intrinsic efficiency ε detector geometry (geometric efficiency ε G ) which can also be referred to as the geometric solid angle factor [13]. .…”

Section: Ra226 As Part Of U238 Decay Chainmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analyzing TENORM in Hydraulic Fracturing Wastes

Ying¹

2015

IJEMA

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Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as fracking, is a method used to extract oil and natural gas from shale and coalbed deposits by high-pressure injection of a cocktail mix of chemicals, sand and water. However, absorbed in the returning produced wastewaters along with the desired hydrocarbons are Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM). Through the various refinement and waste into Technologically Enhanced NORM (TENORM). A technique has been developed to perform rapid screening of the radioactivity based on gamma spectroscopy using a scintillation detector with advanced algorithmic processing of the data.

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Section: Ra226 As Part Of U238 Decay Chainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leong Ying: Analyzing TENORM in Hydraulic Fracturing Wastes I ) and the source to ) which can also be referred to as the geometric solid angle factor [13].…”

Section: / /mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing TENORM in Hydraulic Fracturing Wastes

Ying¹

2015

IJEMA

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“…It is a function of the absorption cross-section and active thickness of the detector crystal (intrinsic efficiency e i ) and the source to detector geometry (geometric efficiency e g ), which can also be referred to as the geometric solid angle factor. [4] e a D e i :e g (1)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scintillation gamma spectrometer for analysis of hydraulic fracturing waste products

Ying

O'Connor²,

Stolz

2015

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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Flowback and produced wastewaters from unconventional hydraulic fracturing during oil and gas explorations typically brings to the surface Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM), predominantly radioisotopes from the U238 and Th232 decay chains. Traditionally, radiological sampling are performed by sending collected small samples for laboratory tests either by radiochemical analysis or measurements by a high-resolution High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) gamma spectrometer. One of the main isotopes of concern is Ra226 which requires an extended 21-days quantification period to allow for full secular equilibrium to be established for the alpha counting of its progeny daughter Rn222. Field trials of a sodium iodide (NaI) scintillation detector offers a more economic solution for rapid screenings of radiological samples. To achieve the quantification accuracy, this gamma spectrometer must be efficiency calibrated with known standard sources prior to field deployments to analyze the radioactivity concentrations in hydraulic fracturing waste products.

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Dependence of NaI(Tl) detector intrinsic efficiency on source-detector distance, energy and off-axis distance: Their implications for radioactivity measurements

2008

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In this work the dependence of intrinsic efficiency of a NaI(Tl) detector of radius 3.82 cm and height 7.62 cm on source-detector distance (d), source-off-axis distance (d0) and γ-photon energy have been investigated using analytical and Monte Carlo methods. The results showed that, for a given off-axis distance, there exists a value of the ratio of source-detector distance (d) to detector radius (R) where intrinsic efficiency is minimum. This d/R value at which minimum efficiency occurs approaches zero as offaxis distance increases and it is almost constant with increase in energy. In the region where d/R < 0.01, a criteria given by Jehouani et al [1] for good photon detection, intrinsic efficiency decreases with increasing off-axis distance. The implications of the results for radioactivity measurement and radiation protection are discussed. Chacteristics of intrinsic efficiency in the regions d/R < 0.01 and d/R > 10 are also compared.

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Geometric, effective solid angles and intrinsic efficiencies of a 3 × 3 in. NaI(Tl) for isotropic and non-isotropic photon emission

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Analyzing TENORM in Hydraulic Fracturing Wastes

Analyzing TENORM in Hydraulic Fracturing Wastes

Scintillation gamma spectrometer for analysis of hydraulic fracturing waste products

Dependence of NaI(Tl) detector intrinsic efficiency on source-detector distance, energy and off-axis distance: Their implications for radioactivity measurements

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