Geometric frustration in a hexagonal lattice of plasmonic nanoelements

Conde‐Rubio, Ana; Rodríguez, A. Fraile; Borrisé, Xavier; Pérez‐Murano, F.; Batlle, X.; Labarta, A.

doi:10.1364/oe.26.020211

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These results are in good agreement with the previously reported response of a hexagonal lattice of asterisks 5 , which also shows a broadband in the NIR attributed to the dipolar excitation of the gaps between neighboring asterisks, and higher order modes, lying on the visible, associated with collective modes induced by the ordered array (see Fig. 6).…”

Section: Simulation Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This article aims at exploiting the concept of geometric frustration in the field of plasmonics. We introduced this term in a recent paper, referring to situations in which the geometry of a plasmonic lattice does not favor a complete ferroelectric polarization of the gaps between neighboring elements 5 . In particular, we showed the case of a hexagonal lattice of asterisks that contained three sub-lattices of gaps with different orientations with respect to the incident field, in such a way that the interactions among the gap dipoles destabilize the mode corresponding to the full polarization of all the gaps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geometric frustration in ordered lattices of plasmonic nanoelements

Conde‐Rubio

Rodríguez

Espinha

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Inspired by geometrically frustrated magnetic systems, we present the optical response of three cases of hexagonal lattices of plasmonic nanoelements. All of them were designed using a metal-insulator-metal configuration to enhance absorption of light, with elements in close proximity to exploit near-field coupling, and with triangular symmetry to induce frustration of the dipolar polarization in the gaps between neighboring structures. Both simulations and experimental results demonstrate that these systems behave as perfect absorbers in the visible and/or the near infrared. Besides, the numerical study of the time evolution shows that they exhibit a relatively extended time response over which the system fluctuates between localized and collective modes. It is of particular interest the echoed excitation of surface lattice resonance modes, which are still present at long times because of the geometric frustration inherent to the triangular lattice. It is worth noting that the excitation of collective modes is also enhanced in other types of arrays where dipolar excitations of the nanoelements are hampered by the symmetry of the array. However, we would like to emphasize that the enhancement in triangular arrays can be significantly larger because of the inherent geometric incompatibility of dipolar excitations and three-fold symmetry axes.

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Section: Simulation Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geometric frustration in ordered lattices of plasmonic nanoelements

Conde‐Rubio

Rodríguez

Espinha

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…Here, effective magnetic charges can rearrange and give rise to charge screening 184 . Artificial spin-ice designs can also be used to create systems with a strong plasmonic response 191 . In addition, artificial spin ices made of nanomagnet arrays can be used to control other phenomena, including the motion of magnetic particles for biological applications 192 , the behaviour of skyr mions 193,194 and the diffusion of vortices in superconducting materials 170 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in artificial spin ice

et al. 2019

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Artificial spin ices consist of nanomagnets arranged on the sites of various periodic and aperiodic lattices. They have enabled the experimental investigation of a variety of fascinating phenomena such as frustration, emergent magnetic monopoles and phase transitions that have previously been the domain of bulk spin crystals and theory , as we discuss in this Review. Artificial spin ices also show promise as reprogrammable magnonic crystals and, with this in mind, we give an overview of the measurements of fast dynamics in these magnetic metamaterials. We survey the variety of geometries that have been implemented, in terms of both the form of the nanomagnets and the lattices on which they are placed, including quasicrystalline systems and artificial spin systems in 3D. Different magnetic materials can also be incorporated to modify anisotropies and blocking temperatures, for example. With this large variety of systems, the way is open to discover new phenomena, and we complete this Review with possible directions for the future.

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“…In addition, our system is based on the detection of surface lattice resonances (SLRs) in a honeycomb lattice, which implies sharper peaks associated with higher-energy modes involving the collective excitation of all the elements in the plasmonic array [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. These modes usually present hotspots encompassing larger areas than those associated with local excitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These modes usually present hotspots encompassing larger areas than those associated with local excitations. Besides, the three-fold symmetry of the honeycomb lattice may hamper the excitation of LSR in favor of SLR, making collective modes much more intense [ 20 , 21 ], as will be further discussed in Section 3.2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Inverted Honeycomb Plasmonic Lattice as an Efficient Refractive Index Sensor

et al. 2021

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We present an efficient refractive index sensor consisting of a heterostructure that contains an Au inverted honeycomb lattice as a main sensing element. Our design aims at maximizing the out-of-plane near-field distributions of the collective modes of the lattice mapping the sensor surroundings. These modes are further enhanced by a patterned SiO2 layer with the same inverted honeycomb lattice, an SiO2 spacer, and an Au mirror underneath the Au sensing layer that contribute to achieving a high performance. The optical response of the heterostructure was studied by numerical simulation. The results corresponding to one of the collective modes showed high sensitivity values ranging from 99 to 395 nm/RIU for relatively thin layers of test materials within 50 and 200 nm. In addition, the figure of merit of the sensor detecting slight changes of the refractive index of a water medium at a fixed wavelength was as high as 199 RIU−1. As an experimental proof of concept, the heterostructure was manufactured by a simple method based on electron beam lithography and the measured optical response reproduces the simulations. This work paves the way for improving both the sensitivity of plasmonic sensors and the signal of some enhanced surface spectroscopies.

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Geometric frustration in a hexagonal lattice of plasmonic nanoelements

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Geometric frustration in ordered lattices of plasmonic nanoelements

Geometric frustration in ordered lattices of plasmonic nanoelements

Advances in artificial spin ice

An Inverted Honeycomb Plasmonic Lattice as an Efficient Refractive Index Sensor

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