Geometric Models of Listric Normal Faults and Rollover Folds (1)

Dula, William F.

doi:10.1306/0c9b29b1-1710-11d7-8645000102c1865d

Cited by 47 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…We interpret that the crestal faults were formed due to shearing above and during formation of the hanging‐wall rollover associated with listric supra‐shale faults (e.g. Dula, 1991; McClay, 1990). Fourth, during this time, some established faults like F2, F8, C1–C2 and C6–C7 underwent tip retreat or became inactive (Figures 9i and 10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Given their relationship to shale‐detached faults, we interpret them as hanging‐wall rollover folds (e.g. Brun & Mauduit, 2008; Dula, 1991; Imber et al, 2003). We observe, rather than NW‐trending arches or folds in the southern tip of Bunyu Arch (e.g.…”

Section: Supra‐shale Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on their location above the fold crest, we infer that these minor normal faults reflect crestal extension and faulting in response of outer‐arc bending of strata (e.g. Dula, 1991; Erdi & Jackson, 2021; McClay, 1990; Morley, 2007).…”

Section: Supra‐shale Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extensional deformation of a shale‐dominated delta: Tarakan Basin, offshore Indonesia

2023

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Deformation on shale-rich continental margins is commonly associated with thin-skinned extension above mobile shales. Normal faulting and shale mobilization are widespread on such margins, being associated with and controlled by progradation and gravitational failure of deltaic sedimentary wedges. However, due to uncertainties in seismically imaging mobile shales, our understanding of problems like how base mobile-shale controls deformation, and the shape, size, and distribution of shale structures remain poorly understood. We here use 3D seismic reflection data from the platform region of the Tarakan Basin, offshore eastern Indonesia to investigate the temporal and spatial evolution of thin-skinned deformation of the Neogene sedimentary section.Our detailed seismic interpretation reveals up to 74 km long, concave-and convex-into-the-basin normal faults, dipping both basinward (eastwards) and locally landward (westwards), which detach downwards on a basal mobile shale (Early-Middle Miocene). The base of the mobile shale unit dips gently (< 17 o ) seaward, although older (Eocene-Early Miocene), rift-related normal faults originate local structural highs deforming the base of mobile shales. Our isochore (thickness map) analysis shows that supra-shale normal faulting commenced in the Middle Miocene and was accompanied by the formation of hanging-wall rollover folds and associated crestal grabens, with the subsequent along-and across strike migration of the deformation related to the nucleation, lateral linkage, and reactivation of individual fault systems. Updip growth normal faulting was also accompanied by the downslope flow of mobile shale, accompanied by parallel and perpendicular variations of the differential loading in the delta system, and local contraction and mobile shale-upbuilding, resulting in the growth of large, margin-parallel shale anticlines further downdip. The growth faults and anticlines are locally overlain by up to 5 km tall of mud pipes and volcanoes. We suggest that variations in the rate of sedimentary loading, mobile shale flow, fault growth, and gravitational failure of the delta system above a seaward-dipping, but locally rugose base mobile-shale surface, controlled Neogene deformation in the Tarakan Basin. We also demonstrate how variations in the trend and dip of the base mobile-shale surface influences the position, timing of formation, and evolution of supra-shale normal faults and their associated depocenters along shale-rich, deltaic margins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Supra‐shale Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extensional deformation of a shale‐dominated delta: Tarakan Basin, offshore Indonesia

2023

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“…The technique of balanced section restoration was widely-applied in extensional basins to reconstruct the evolutionary history of basins and to calculate the stretching factors, total horizontal displacement by faults and other extension-related parameters (Gibbs, 1983;Williams and Vann, 1987;Groshong, 1989;Schö nborn, 1999;Qi et al, 2002, 2006；Dong et al, 2013. The basic approaches to section balance assume conservation of cross-sectional area (Gibbs, 1983;Williams and Vann, 1987;Groshong, 1989;Dula, 1991). In this study, three to five depth-converted profiles across each sag were gathered, in order to calculate the undeformed bed length, deformed bed length, stretching factors, total horizontal displacement by faults, etc.…”

Section: Key Techniques or Estimating Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Variability and Rifting Process of the Segmented Cenozoic Pearl River Mouth Basin, Northern Continental Margin of the South China Sea

et al. 2022

Acta Geologica Sinica (Eng)

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The Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) is an important area for studying the evolution of continental marginal basins in the northern South China Sea (SCS), but the structural variability and spatiotemporal rifting process remains poorly understood. This study investigates the differential structural features of the eastern, middle and western PRMB, as well as the extensional deformation laws in operation during the rifting stage, according to an integrated analysis of geometric characteristics and kinematic parameters, i.e., horizontal displacement and stretching factors of basin and crust. The PRMB underwent at least three phases of intense extension, which varied in time and space. (1) During the middle Eocene, most sags in the PRMB were intensely stretched and high‐angle planar to listric boundary faults controlled the wedge‐shaped stratigraphic geometry. (2) During the late Eocene‐to‐early Oligocene, the stratigraphic geometry of the sags was slightly wedge‐shaped and continuously controlled by boundary faults, however, the extensional strength decreased relatively in the Northern depression zone, but increased in the Southern depression zone. (3) During the late Oligocene, the extension was extremely weak in the northeast PRMB, but relatively strong in the southwest PRMB, leading to tabular stratigraphic geometry in the northeast PRMB, but localized slightly wedge‐shaped stratigraphic geometry in the southwest. The southwest PRMB still underwent relatively strong extension during the early Miocene. The southwest PRMB that was induced by a small‐scale localized mantle convection system constantly rifted during the late Oligocene, controlled by the weak lithosphere, westward (southwestward) diachronous opening and southward jump of the ocean ridge. The applied quantitative parameters and spatiotemporal rifting process may be used as a reference with which to study the segmented continental margin rifts.

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“…Standard kinematic algorithms such as fault-bend folding and simple shear were used in order to obtain a pre-deformational geometry of the horizons. Within the Drzewiany Graben, a shear angle was set to 50° and corresponds to the plane of maximum shear oriented parallel to minor normal fault surfaces (Dula, 1991;Xiao and Suppe, 1992). The relative timing of faults' activity was constrained based either on the presence of growth strata or cross-cutting relationships.…”

Section: Structural Restorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Together but separate: decoupled Variscan (late Carboniferous) and Alpine (Late Cretaceous – Paleogene) inversion tectonics in NW Poland

Krzywiec

Kufrasa

Poprawa

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. In Europe, formation of the Palaeozoic Variscan orogenic belt, and then the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Alpine-Carpathian orogenic belt led to a widespread inversion events within forelands of both orogenic domains. We used legacy 2D seismic data together with the newly acquired 3D seismic data that for the first time precisely imaged sub-Zechstein (i.e. sub-evaporitic) upper Palaeozoic succession in NW Poland in order to develop quantitative, balanced 2D model of the late Palaeozoic – recent evolution of this area, characterised by a complex pattern of repeated extension and inversion. Four main tectonic phases have been determined: (1) Late Devonian – early Carboniferous extension related to extensional reactivation of Caledonian thrusts, (2) late Carboniferous inversion caused by Variscan orogeny, (3) Permo-Mesozoic subsidence related to the development of the Polish Basin, and (4) its Late Cretaceous – Paleogene inversion. Variscan and Alpine structures form superimposed multilayer inversion system, mechanically decoupled along the Zechstein evaporites.

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Geometric Models of Listric Normal Faults and Rollover Folds (1)

Cited by 47 publications

References 21 publications

Extensional deformation of a shale‐dominated delta: Tarakan Basin, offshore Indonesia

Extensional deformation of a shale‐dominated delta: Tarakan Basin, offshore Indonesia

Structural Variability and Rifting Process of the Segmented Cenozoic Pearl River Mouth Basin, Northern Continental Margin of the South China Sea

Together but separate: decoupled Variscan (late Carboniferous) and Alpine (Late Cretaceous – Paleogene) inversion tectonics in NW Poland

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