Geometrical structure of a floc

Determination of Structure of Aggregates by Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy

“…The fluorescent latex particles, obtained from Bangs Laboratories Inc., were 0.88 m in diameter and contained a fluorescent probe with an excitation wavelength of 488 nm. The aggregation procedure used was similar to that employed by Adachi et al (18). A solution of 2.5 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 volume fraction of latex was mixed with an equal volume of a 2.38-M KCl solution.…”

“…By measuring R g and counting N it has been possible to estimate the fractal dimensions of latex aggregates (18) and bacterial aggregates (19). The fractal dimension of an individual floc can also be obtained from its projected image by relating the projected surface area to its radius,…”

Applicability of Fractals to the Analysis of the Projection of Small Flocs

“…About 10 years ago, we reported on the geometrical structure of a floc analyzed by means of a table-tennis-ball simulation and a coagulation experiment of polystyrene latex spheres (1,2). In the course of the investigation, we emphasized on the characterization of projected flocs because of their convenience for microscopic observation.…”

Flocculation kinetics and hydrodynamic interactions in natural and engineered flow systems: A review

“…Considering that the difference between these values is a result of the way of formation of clusters, the authors proposed a two-point contact model. In this model, the clusters can roll and move to the next point of contact after a collision ( Figure 7) [12,13]. Figure 8 shows the result of the simulation in which pingpong balls were considered.…”

“…The initial rate of flocculation is greater for higher PEO concentration cases, indicating that δ H for the collision radius grows with the PEO concentration. On the basis of (12) and defining the projected area of a single PEO chain as a square of its diameter, the relationship between δ H and the interval of the polymer supply is clarified as shown in Figure 23.…”