Geometrically nonlinear regularized extended finite element analysis of compression after impact in composite laminates

McQuien, Jeffrey S.; Hoos, Kevin H.; Ferguson, Lauren; Iarve, Endel V.; Mollenhauer, David

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105907

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…11. The 25 kA specimen is 28% weaker than the pristine CAI strength (438 MPa [52]) of the same material and a quasi-isotropic layup owing to the presence of lightning damage. The tests with higher peak currents were undesirable due to buckling and failure location at the unsupported gap in the jig, not at the specimen centre.…”

Section: Results Analysismentioning

confidence: 86%

“…These modifications effectively changed the failure location from the undesirable specimen edge to the centre, at the lightning damage region. This represents a 28% reduction when compared with a CAI pristine strength of 438 MPa which was influenced by buckling [52]. The reported compressive strength of the same material with a quasi-isotropic layup is 666 MPa [60] using smaller specimens free from buckling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Significantly only few papers [4,15,19] have considered in-plane compressive residual strength, and in these works non-standard test arrangements were used and some undesired specimen failure modes were observed. It is also well known that the CAI test is notoriously difficult to perform successfully [52]. Therefore, since there is very limited CAL work in the existing literature it is beneficial to investigate the difficulties and challenges associated with developing a standardised CAL test arrangement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, low velocity impact and the effects of impact damage in laminated composites were intensively investigated in the past, as reviewed by Abrate [51]. CAI strength is a key design driver for composite structures subject to kinematic impact and the CAI strength can be related to the internal damage area [52]. Sun and Hallett [53] studied CAI strength after quasi-static indentation and low velocity impact and highlighted the importance of understanding the internal damage such as matrix cracks and delamination.…”

Section: Compression After Impact (Cai) Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing Test Methods for Compression after Lightning Strikes

Millen

Lee

et al. 2023

Appl Compos Mater

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Research into residual strength after lightning strike is increasing within the literature. However, standard test methods for measuring residual compressive strength after lightning strikes do not exist. For the first time, a systematic experimental study is undertaken to evaluate modifications necessary to standard Compression After Impact (CAI) specimen geometry and test jig design to induce specimen failure at the lightning damage region. Four laboratory generated lightning strike currents with peak amplitudes ranging from 25 to 100 kA have been studied. Test set-up modifications were made considering the scale of the lightning damage and its potential proximity to specimen edges. Specimen geometry and anti-buckling guides were adjusted for each peak current to induce specimen failure at the lightning damage. The Compression After Lightning (CAL) strength was 28% lower than the pristine CAI strength even at a relatively low peak current of 25 kA. This study shows that the standard CAI test setup has the potential for CAL application, however, careful modifications are required depending on the peak amplitude of the applied lightning current waveform.

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Section: Results Analysismentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Compression After Impact (Cai) Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing Test Methods for Compression after Lightning Strikes

Millen

Lee

et al. 2023

Appl Compos Mater

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“…Instead, a small out-of-plane displacement was applied to the model to initiate matrix cracking, which typically occurs around the other mapped damage. This technique is called pseudo-impact and has been used in previous work by McQuien et al [15]. The pseudo-impact technique as implemented by applying an out-of-plane displacement in the direction of the impact.…”

Section: Damage Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-fidelity post-impact residual strength assessment for composite aircraft sustainment

Jacobs,

Harman,

Ladani

et al. 2023

Aeronaut. j.

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High-fidelity simulation tools have significant potential to support composite aircraft sustainment, though further study is required on incorporating the complex impact damage field. In this paper, compressive residual strength assessment is investigated using the high-fidelity computational tool BSAMTM. The experimental impact damage was mapped and modelled at a high-fidelity level, which included ply-by-ply definition of the geometry of the impact indentation, fibre fracture in the plies and delamination in ply interfaces. It was shown that applying a small lateral displacement or ‘pseudo-impact’ step was highly effective in generating matrix cracks in the impact region, which provided a suitably realistic representation of the interconnected damage map through-the-thickness. It was found that inclusion of all damage modes in the post-image damage map at a high-fidelity definition was essential due to the strong degree of interaction between damage modes. The results support improved sustainment of defence platforms, through enhanced predictive capability and understanding.

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