Geometry and fast diffusion of AlCl4 cluster intercalated in graphite

Wu, Musheng; Xu, B.; Chen, L.Q.; Ouyang, Chuying

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.144

Cited by 94 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The minimum energy barrier of the AlCl 4 − cluster is about one order of magnitude lower than that of Li migration in graphite. In addition, the tetrahedral AlCl 4 − cluster will distort and prefers to be in the form of a planar quadrangle when it is intercalated in bulk graphite, in which the interlayer spacing was expanded from 3.35 to 6.02 Å. This finding is consistent with the work of Dai et al .…”

Section: Alcl3‐based Electrolytes For Aluminum Batteriessupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The fast transport of chloroaluminate anions (AlCl 4 − ) has been confirmed by first‐principles calculations, which further indicated that the decrease in the graphite thickness or layers facilitated the diffusion of AlCl 4 − . The minimum energy barrier of the AlCl 4 − cluster is about one order of magnitude lower than that of Li migration in graphite.…”

Section: Alcl3‐based Electrolytes For Aluminum Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Halide‐Based Materials and Chemistry for Rechargeable Batteries

et al. 2020

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Rechargeable batteries are considered one of the most effective energy storage technologies to bridge the production and consumption of renewable energy. The further development of rechargeable batteries with characteristics such as high energy density, low cost, safety, and a long cycle life is required to meet the ever‐increasing energy‐storage demands. This Review highlights the progress achieved with halide‐based materials in rechargeable batteries, including the use of halide electrodes, bulk and/or surface halogen‐doping of electrodes, electrolyte design, and additives that enable fast ion shuttling and stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces, as well as realization of new battery chemistry. Battery chemistry based on monovalent cation, multivalent cation, anion, and dual‐ion transfer is covered. This Review aims to promote the understanding of halide‐based materials to stimulate further research and development in the area of high‐performance rechargeable batteries. It also offers a perspective on the exploration of new materials and systems for electrochemical energy storage.

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Section: Alcl3‐based Electrolytes For Aluminum Batteriessupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Alcl3‐based Electrolytes For Aluminum Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 83%

Halide‐Based Materials and Chemistry for Rechargeable Batteries

et al. 2020

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“…Electrolytes for aluminum-based batteries. [71] Although [EMIC][AlCl 3 ] electrolyte enjoyed success in aluminum-ion batteries, it should be noted that this kind of electrolyte is expensive and extremelys ensitivet om oisture;t hus dehydration is indispensable when preparing both electrolyte and electrodes. On the anode side, metallic Al and AlCl 4 À weret ransformed into Al 2 Cl 7 À duringd ischarging, and the reverse reactiont ook place duringcharging.…”

Section: Aluminummentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolytes for Batteries with Earth‐Abundant Metal Anodes

Zhao

Yin

et al. 2018

Chemistry A European J

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Earth-abundant metal anodes have become one of the hottest topics in recent years. As alternatives to lithium metals, earth-abundant metal anodes have significantly lower cost and higher energy density, but with unprecedented problems that cannot be solved by simply referring to experiences with lithium-metal anodes. The electrolytes for these anodes greatly influence the overall performance, such as Coulombic efficiency, stability, and even the availability to become an anode. In this Minireview, some excellent state-of-art works on the electrolytes of energy-storage systems with sodium-, potassium-, magnesium-, calcium-, and aluminum-metal anodes are concisely summarized. The performance of these systems is highlighted by the rational design of the electrolyte and electrolyte/electrode interface.

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“…123,124 For example, density functional theory calculations carried out by Ouyang, et al, 124 gives a plausible model for the extraordinarily large discharge rates described by Lin, et al 112 On the basis of their calculations, they propose that AlCl 4 clusters that are intercalated into the graphite cathodes may take on a planar quadrangular geometry. Given the expanded interlayer spacing in the intercalated graphite, these planar clusters may be able to diffuse rapidly as a result of a lowering of the energy barrier for diffusion compared to the usual tetrahedral species.…”

Section: Energy Storage Devices Using Haloaluminate Rtilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—Electrochemical Surface Finishing and Energy Storage Technology with Room-Temperature Haloaluminate Ionic Liquids and Mixtures

Tsuda

Stafford

Hussey

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this article, we review the progress in the area of electrochemical technology with Lewis acidic haloaluminate room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), such as AlCl 3 -1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and AlBr 3 -1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, and novel chloroaluminate mixtures consisting of AlCl 3 and polarizable molecules, e.g., dimethylsulfone and urea, during this decade. The number of researchers in the field seems to increase steadily, because now we can handle haloaluminate RTILs and their mixtures with other solvents and materials more easily than we could in the past. In this review, we have categorized the electrochemical technology based on these RTILs into two topics: electroplating and energy storage. In fact, much of the current research is based on work begun during the period from ∼1970 until the 1990's. Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), which is a name synonymous with room-temperature molten salts, have received considerable attention as novel reaction media, liquid materials, and starting materials for functional carbon material. (The name "ionic liquid" was arbitrarily chosen to represent what are actually salts that liquefy at temperatures below 373 K.) The interest in these materials stems from their favorable physicochemical properties, such as low-flammability, negligible vapor pressure, relatively high ionic conductivity, and high electrochemical stability. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] It is now common knowledge in the chemistry community that many RTILs are stable in air or even water. The "first generation ionic liquids" were difficult to handle because the typical anions known at that time, e.g., AlCl 4 − and Al 2 Cl 7 − , reacted strongly with moisture in the air. Only a very limited number of laboratories with special skills for handling them could effectively use these RTILs. No doubt, the flourishing interest in RTIL chemistry was heavily abetted by the discovery of air and water stable systems, i.e., the so-called "second generation ionic liquids".However, we should not devalue the first generation systems such as those based on quaternary organic halide salts and aluminum halides, e.g., AlBr 3 and AlCl 3 , known as haloaluminates. The reactivity of the haloaluminates as well as their adjustable Lewis acidity is precisely what makes them interesting and very versatile. By contrast, the second-generation "inert" ionic liquids, are just that: inert and nonreactive, both chemically and electrochemically. Furthermore, the ionic conductivity and viscosity of the haloaluminates, which are important factors for the electrochemical applications described herein, exceed those for the comparable second-generation RTILs. For example, the ionic conductivity and viscosity for 60.0-40.0 mole percent (or 60 mol%) AlCl 3 -1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C 2 mim]Cl) are 17.1 mS cm −1 and 15.35 mPa s, respectively, at 298 K.8 (In the interest of brevity, we will refer to the composition of these ionic liquids by simply stating only the amount of the aluminum halide.) On the other ...

show abstract

Geometry and fast diffusion of AlCl4 cluster intercalated in graphite

Cited by 94 publications

References 34 publications

Halide‐Based Materials and Chemistry for Rechargeable Batteries

Halide‐Based Materials and Chemistry for Rechargeable Batteries

Electrolytes for Batteries with Earth‐Abundant Metal Anodes

Review—Electrochemical Surface Finishing and Energy Storage Technology with Room-Temperature Haloaluminate Ionic Liquids and Mixtures

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