Geometry and scaling relations of a population of very small rift-related normal faults

Schlische, Roy W.; Young, Scott S.; Ackermann, Rolf V.; Gupta, Anupma

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0683:gasroa>2.3.co;2

Cited by 374 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, there was insufficient information in the original source [Rippon, 1985] to determine if this was due to a difference in lithology. The coal measure faults also have displacement (slip) to length (D/L) ratios about an order of magnitude less than faults in crystalline basement [Schlische et al, 1996]. D/L ratios are proportional to fault stress-drop (s y -(m s ) s n ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Slip tapers at the tips of faults and earthquake ruptures

Scholz

Lawler

2004

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] Slip gradients near the tips of earthquake ruptures and faults are typically linear. For non-interacting faults or earthquake ruptures, tip tapers are scale invariant, and about 1 -2 orders of magnitude larger for faults than for earthquakes. For fault tips interacting with other faults, the taper can be as much as a factor of 10 greater than for non-interacting faults. For earthquake ruptures, taper is also greater by as much as a factor of 10 for tips of rupture segments in the interior of the main rupture, tips in which the earthquake has propagated to the end of the fault, and tips which interact with the stress-drop of a previous earthquake on the same fault. Tip taper for faults increases with the strength of the wall rock. These observations are consistent with fracture mechanics models in which inelastic deformation occurs in a volume surrounding the crack tip.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is consistent with their comparatively smaller D/L ratios. D/L ratios for earthquake ruptures are typically about 10 À4 -10 À5 [Scholz, 2002, p. 207], whereas for faults they are typically 10 À2 -10 À3 [Schlische et al, 1996]. The large earthquake data are a mix of normal and strike-slip ruptures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slip tapers at the tips of faults and earthquake ruptures

Scholz

Lawler

2004

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Displacement-to-length ratios are typically 6.0 Â 10 À3 or 6.7 Â 10 À3 for faults on Mars (Watters et al, 1998;Wilkins et al, 2002) and 6.5 Â 10 À3 for faults on Mercury (Watters et al, 2000(Watters et al, , 2002. On Earth, this ratio is typically between 2 Â 10 À2 and 5 Â 10 À2 over a range of tectonic settings and rock types (Cowie and Scholz, 1992;Clark and Cox, 1996;Schlische et al, 1996;Schultz and Fossen, 2002;Davis et al, 2005). Under-displacement of faults on Mercury and Mars can be attributed to these planets' smaller gravitational accelerations relative to Earth .…”

Section: Displacement-length Scaling On Marsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretation and analysis of planetary structures

Schultz

Hauber

Kattenhorn

et al. 2010

Journal of Structural Geology

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“…Fault system properties including length, width, and displacement often follow quasi-universal scaling relationships (Walsh and Watterson, 1988;Cowie and Scholz, 1992;Dawers et al, 1993;Nicol et al, 1996;Schlische et al, 1996;Gupta and Scholz, 2000). For example, globally compiled datasets of fault length (L) and maximum fault displacement (D max ) exhibit a linear relationship between these two parameters, where D max is consistently ∼ 3 % of fault length (Walsh and Watterson, 1988;Cowie and Scholz, 1992;Dawers et al, 1993;Schlische et al, 1996;Manighetti et al, 2001).…”

Section: Relationships Between Fault Growth Linkage and Footwall Upmentioning

confidence: 99%

River profile response to normal fault growth and linkage: an example from the Hellenic forearc of south-central Crete, Greece

2017

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Abstract. Topography is a reflection of the tectonic and geodynamic processes that act to uplift the Earth's surface and the erosional processes that work to return it to base level. Numerous studies have shown that topography is a sensitive recorder of tectonic signals. A quasi-physical understanding of the relationship between river incision and rock uplift has made the analysis of fluvial topography a popular technique for deciphering relative, and some argue absolute, histories of rock uplift. Here we present results from a study of the fluvial topography from south-central Crete, demonstrating that river longitudinal profiles indeed record the relative history of uplift, but several other processes make it difficult to recover quantitative uplift histories. Prior research demonstrates that the south-central coastline of Crete is bound by a large ( ∼ 100 km long) E-W striking composite normal fault system. Marine terraces reveal that it is uplifting between 0.1 and 1.0 mm yr −1 . These studies suggest that two normal fault systems, the offshore Ptolemy and onshore South-Central Crete faults, linked together in the recent geologic past (ca. 0.4-1 My BP). Fault mechanics predict that when adjacent faults link into a single fault the uplift rate in footwalls of the linkage zone will increase rapidly. We use this natural experiment to assess the response of river profiles to a temporal jump in uplift rate and to assess the applicability of the stream power incision model to this setting. Using river profile analysis we show that rivers in south-central Crete record the relative uplift history of fault growth and linkage as theory predicts that they should. Calibration of the commonly used stream power incision model shows that the slope exponent, n, is ∼ 0.5, contrary to most studies that find n ≥ 1. Analysis of fluvial knickpoints shows that migration distances are not proportional to upstream contributing drainage area, as predicted by the stream power incision model. Maps of the transformed stream distance variable, χ, indicate that drainage basin instability, drainage divide migration, and river capture events complicate river profile analysis in south-central Crete. Waterfalls are observed in southern Crete and appear to operate under less efficient and different incision mechanics than assumed by the stream power incision model. Drainage area exchange and waterfall formation are argued to obscure linkages between empirically derived metrics and quasi-physical descriptions of river incision, making it difficult to quantitatively interpret rock uplift histories from river profiles in this setting. Karst hydrology, break down of assumed drainage area discharge scaling, and chemical weathering might also contribute to the failure of the stream power incision model to adequately predict the behavior of the fluvial system in south-central Crete.

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Geometry and scaling relations of a population of very small rift-related normal faults

Cited by 374 publications

References 17 publications

Slip tapers at the tips of faults and earthquake ruptures

Slip tapers at the tips of faults and earthquake ruptures

Interpretation and analysis of planetary structures

River profile response to normal fault growth and linkage: an example from the Hellenic forearc of south-central Crete, Greece

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