Geometry, mechanical and ballistic properties of ADI material perforated plates

Baloš, Sebastian; Radisavljević, Igor; Rajnović, Dragan; Dramićanin, Miroslav D.; Tabaković, Slobodan; Cekic, Olivera Eric; Šidjanin, Leposava

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.081

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Considering the similarity in weight with perforated ADI plates 14 as well as 6 mm steel plates 13 and also analysing the ballistic performances noted in the present study, ACGI 275 7 mm perforated plates happen to be a better choice as add-on armour for military vehicle. However, the lower multi-hit resistance of ACGI 275 involving higher number of interconnected holes and higher damaged area provides no such serious limitation for the purpose.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…In comparison, ACGI 400 perforated plates, although involve post-impact smaller number of interconnected holes and lower damaged area as shown in Table 2, do not provide sufficient fracture potential and therefore do not fulfil the said ballistic protection criteria. While comparing the mechanical properties of ACGI 275 and ACGI 400 with that of steels used in previous studies 13,14,17 , although ACGI 275 displays considerably lower ductility (Table 1), but the comparable hardness values of ACGI 275 and steels (e.g. 490 HV versus 445 BHN in Hardox 450 and 465 BHN in 50CrV4 steel hardened and tempered) become a deciding factor towards evaluating ballistic performances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In spite of being less ductile, it may be used as perforated plates for applique ballistic protection of military vehicles 10 . Usually, perforated plates are made of various type of heat treated steels [11][12][13] and ADI materials 14 ; however, when combined with armour system together with basic armour plate, they can offer a relatively high mass effectiveness due to the phenomenon of stress induction in the projectile penetrating core. Subsequent appearance of bending stress causes fracture of the hard and brittle penetrating core, thereby lowering the depth of penetration 15,16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequent appearance of bending stress causes fracture of the hard and brittle penetrating core, thereby lowering the depth of penetration 15,16 . Following such practice, the cracks propagate only to nearest perforation, thus resulting in an increase in resistance of the armour system to crack-driven failure 13,14,17 . Beside this, the amount of critical raw materials initially required during melting is minimal, roughly half to that in ADI (around 0.03 wt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ballistic Behaviour of Austempered Compacted Graphite Iron Perforated Plates

et al. 2019

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In this study, the performance of austempered compacted graphite iron was evaluated to find its suitability as perforated plates used in add-on armour. Perforated compacted graphite plates were subjected to austenitisation at 900 °C for 2 h followed by austempering at 275 and 400 °C for 1 h. The basic plate was fixed at 400 mm away from the perforated plate and armour and then piercing incendiary projectile was shot from a distance of 100 m. It was observed that both 7 mm and 9 mm perforated plates austempered at lower temperature of 275 °C producing higher hardness and lower ductility were effective in fracturing the penetrating core, thereby significantly decreasing the chances of penetrating the basic plate.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ballistic Behaviour of Austempered Compacted Graphite Iron Perforated Plates

et al. 2019

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“…In the experimental studies of Mishra et al [8,9], they found that the performance of an armor plate can be dramatically enhanced by drilling regular pattern 4 of holes. In a recent study, Balos et al [10] examined ballistic performance of perforated plates made of austempered ductile iron. They concluded that with the higher hardness materials even having low ductility properties, perforated plates will be effectively used in ballistic protection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of high hardness perforated steel armor plates using finite element and response surface methods

Kılıç

Eki̇ci̇

Bedir

2016

Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures

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In this article, finite element simulations and response surface method are used to optimize perforated plate parameters for ballistic protection. After statistically validating the relationship between residual velocity and geometric parameters, response optimiser was used to find best combination of design parameters to stop threat with less areal density. Finally, the optimized solution was checked both numerically and experimentally to show the effectiveness of the developed methodology. The weight is decreased by 28% when compared with monolithic steel armor having same antiballistic performance.

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Microstructure and fracture mode of ballistic perforated plates made of unalloyed ADI material

Rajnović

Baloš

Janjatovic

et al. 2016

European Microscopy Congress 2016: Proceedings

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Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is an advance engineering material produced from ductile cast iron by austempering heat treatment, through which a unique microstructure ‐ ausferrite is obtained. Consequently, an excellent combination of mechanical properties could be achieved [1]. In this paper, ADI material has been evaluated as an alternative to steel for perforated plates applied in the ballistic protection of military vehicles [2]. The ADI materials were produced from an unalloyed ductile iron by austenitization at 900°C/2h, followed by 1 hour austempering at 275°C (ADI‐275) or 400°C (ADI 400). The microstructure was observed on Leitz Orthoplan light microscope while fracture mode was studied by SEM JEOL JSM‐6460LV, 20 kV equipped with EDS Oxford Instruments INCA system. To evaluate ballistic properties, perforated plates of the ADI materials, having thicknesses of 7 and 9 mm, were mounted in front of basic armour and 12.7x99 mm M8 API ammunition was fired from 100 m. The microstructure of the ADI‐275 and ADI‐400 was fully ausferritic consisting of a mixture of ausferritic ferrite and retained austenite (9.8 and 26%, respectively). The ADI‐275 has an acicular morphology of ausferrite, while the ADI‐400 had a more plate like morphology. Due to difference in ausferrite morphology and retained austenite amount the ADI‐275 posses higher strength while ADI‐400 is more ductile. After impact, intensive cracking occurs near the impact point, Fig. 1a and 2a. The size of the fractured fragments is considerably larger in the less ductile ADI‐275, while ADI‐400 is more plastically deformed. The microstructure after impact is shown in Fig. 1b and 2b. In ADI‐400 martensite occurs in the area of the intensive plastic deformation, Fig. 2b. The martensite is formed through SITRAM effect (Strain Induced Transformation) [3]. In contrast, the SITRAM does not occur in ADI‐275, where austenite carbon enrichment is higher, Fig 1b. The ADI‐275 have a typical ductile fracture, with the dimpled surface covered with a layer in the form of drops, Fig. 1c. However, in ADI‐400 a mixed fracture mode can be observed, a ductile fracture near the nodules and in other areas brittle, quasi – cleavage fracture, Fig. 2c. This brittle behaviour of ADI‐400 is the result of the presence of martensite. The results of debris EDX analysis reveal a mixture of Cu, Ba, Mg and Al, i.e. material of the projectile jacket and products of the IM‐11 incendiary mixture, Fig. 3. Perforated plate made of the ADI‐275, with a higher hardness and a lower ductility, were proved to be superior to the softer and more ductile ADI‐400. The ballistic testing causes a SITRAM effect to occur in the ADI‐400, causing a partial brittle fracture and thus lowering ballistic performance [4]. The perforated plates made of the ADI material have a larger damaged area, a lower cost of fabrication and a similar mass effectiveness than steel perforated plates [2, 4].

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Geometry, mechanical and ballistic properties of ADI material perforated plates

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Ballistic Behaviour of Austempered Compacted Graphite Iron Perforated Plates

Ballistic Behaviour of Austempered Compacted Graphite Iron Perforated Plates

Optimization of high hardness perforated steel armor plates using finite element and response surface methods

Microstructure and fracture mode of ballistic perforated plates made of unalloyed ADI material

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