Geomorphic criteria to determine direction of lateral propagation of reverse faulting and folding

Abstract

Fault-related folds develop above active faults, and as these faults propagate laterally so do the folds they produce. Geomorphic criteria useful in evaluating rates and direction of lateral propagation of active folds in the direction of propagation are: (1) decrease in drainage density and degree of dissection; (2) decrease in elevation of wind gaps; (3) decrease in relief of the topographic profile along the crest; (4) development of characteristic drainage patterns; (5) deformation of progressively younger deposits or landforms; and (6) decrease in rotation and inclination of forelimb. All these criteria are consistent with lateral propagation, but do not prove it. The presence of more than one wind or water gap formed by the same stream, however, is strong evidence of lateral propagation. Rates of lateral propagation of folding may be several times the rate of uplift and fault slip. Lateral propagation of anticlinal folds allows for a new explanation of how drainage may develop across active fold belts. Development of drainage across an active fold belt is probably a function of relatively long structurally controlled drainage diversion parallel to fold axes and development of relatively short antecedent stream reaches, around the nose (plunge panel) of a fold. Water and/or wind gaps form as uplift, drainage diversion, and stream capture associated with fold growth continue.

Late Cenozoic uplift along the northern Dead Sea transform in Lebanon and Syria

“…Hence, there may be an apparent northeastward sense of "younging" of the channels, possibly indicating a northeastward propagation of the fold. This is similar to other well-documented propagating folds such as the Wheeler Ridge anticline in California [38]. This suggestion can be tested with future geological dating.…”

Las capturas fluviales: contextos, causas y consecuencias. Una explicación de los procesos de captura fluvial en distintos contextos geológicos

“…Por tanto, la presencia de materiales duros en un tramo del recorrido de un cauce fluvial limita su capacidad de incisión (K$"E$). Las rocas graníticas, por ejemplo, pueden exceder en más de un orden de magnitud su resistencia a la erosión respecto del de los ríos desviados que cortaban la estructura tectónica (Keller, 1999 La distancia hacia el nivel de base y la pendiente (S)…”

“…Las capturas fluviales ocurridas en el pasado pueden ser identificadas por el rastro que dejan en el paisaje mediante criterios geomorfológicos (ej. Keller, 1999;citado Pastor et al, 2012) En la literatura se diferencian dos tipos de capturas fluviales (sin tener en cuenta las "capturas" por exageración de meandros) en función del mecanismo que produce la desviación del flujo: Las capturas por erosión remontante y las capturas por desbordamiento. Las primeras ocurren porque las cuencas hidrográficas tienden a aumentar su área por la erosión remontante en las cabeceras de sus ríos, torrentes y barrancos, y esta expansión se produce a costa de las cuencas vecinas, que a su vez también tienden a expandirse.…”

Geometry of Khalakan Anticline, Northeastern Iraq

“…Traverses no.1, no.2 and no.3 were used to determine the geometry of the anticline, while traverses no. 4 …”

“…Generally, the fold grows in three dimensions and recognized by the changing attitude of the bedding planes for a folded sequence [4]. The elements (fold axis, axial plane and interlimb angle in Fig.…”