Geophysical Properties of the Near Surface Earth: Electrical Properties

Glover, Paul

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53802-4.00189-5

Cited by 121 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 220 publications

(248 reference statements)

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“…Zeta potentials have been calculated from each streaming potential coefficient measurement using the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski law (Glover 2015a) with Overbeek's correction (Jouniaux and Pozzi 1995;Walker et al 2014), together with experimentally measured supporting data and empirical models. This calculation requires the knowledge of the electrical conductivity (σ f ), permittivity (ε f ), and viscosity (η f ) of the equilibrated pore fluid as well as the formation factor of the rock both at high salinities (F o ) and at each of the salinities used in the measurement (F i ).…”

Section: Calculation Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of the Relationship Between Microstructure, pH, and the Streaming and Zeta Potentials of Sandstones

Walker

Glover

2017

Transp Porous Med

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A large number (1253) of high-quality streaming potential coefficient (C sp ) measurements have been carried out on Berea, Boise, Fontainebleau, and Lochaline sandstones (the latter two including both detrital and authigenic overgrowth forms), as a function of pore fluid salinity (C f ) and rock microstructure. All samples were saturated with fully equilibrated aqueous solutions of NaCl (10 −5 and 4.5 mol/dm 3 ) upon which accurate measurements of their electrical conductivity and pH were taken. These C sp measurements represent about a fivefold increase in streaming potential data available in the literature, are consistent with the pre-existing 266 measurements, and have lower experimental uncertainties. The C sp measurements follow a pH-sensitive power law behaviour with respect to C f at medium salinities (C sp = − 1.44 × 10 −9 C − 1.127 f , units: V/Pa and mol/dm 3 ) and show the effect of rock microstructure on the low salinity C sp clearly, producing a smaller decrease in C sp per decade reduction in C f for samples with (i) lower porosity, (ii) larger cementation exponents, (iii) smaller grain sizes (and hence pore and pore throat sizes), and (iv) larger surface conduction. The C sp measurements include 313 made at C f > 1 mol/dm 3 , which confirm the limiting high salinity C sp behaviour noted by Vinogradov et al., which has been ascribed to the attainment of maximum charge density in the electrical double layer occurring when the Debye length approximates to the size of the hydrated metal ion. The zeta potential (ζ ) was calculated from each C sp measurement. It was found that ζ is highly sensitive to pH but not sensitive to rock microstructure. It exhibits a pH-dependent logarithmic behaviour with respect to C f at low to medium salinities (ζ = 0.01133 log 10 (C f ) + 0.003505, units: V and mol/dm 3 ) and a limiting zeta potential (zeta potential offset) at high salinities of ζ o = − 17.36 ± 5.11 mV in the pH range 6-8, which is also pH dependent. The sensitivity of both C sp and ζ to pH and of C sp to rock microstructure indicates that C sp and ζ measurements can only be interpreted together with accurate and equilibrated measurements of pore fluid conductivity and pH and supporting microstructural and surface conduction measurements for each sample.

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Section: Calculation Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of the Relationship Between Microstructure, pH, and the Streaming and Zeta Potentials of Sandstones

Walker

Glover

2017

Transp Porous Med

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“…It is known that the mobility of particles is affected by four main mechanisms; (i) blockage, (ii) adsorption, (iii) straining, and (iv) gravity sedimentation. The adsorption effect would be small in this study because our nanoparticles are negatively charged, and the zeta potential of Berea sandstone is negative at high ionic strength 57 and in the range of pHs encountered in these experiments and in hydrocarbon reservoirs 28,58,59 . The gravity sedimentation effect is also expected to be small due to short residence time of particles in the core and the effect of Brownian motion.…”

Section: Nanoparticle Breakthrough Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of ions, especially divalent cations such as Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and Ba 2+. , could significantly reduce the stability due to the compression of the electric double layer 28,50,53 .…”

Section: Nanofluid Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The stability of nanoparticles in highly saline brines still presents a technical challenge due to the compression of electrical double layer [26][27][28] . Learning from the experience of nanofluids [29][30][31][32][33] , the displacing fluid's properties will be significantly affected by the choice of nanoparticle material, particle concentration, morphology and stability in salinity water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanoparticle-Assisted Water-Flooding in Berea Sandstones

Azmi

Raza

et al. 2016

Energy Fuels

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ABSRACT:The use of nanoparticles (NP) to improve reservoir characterisation or to enhance oil recovery (EOR) has recently received intensive interest; however there are still many un-resolved questions. This work reports a systematic study of the effect of rutile TiO 2 nanoparticle-assisted brine flooding. Rutile ellipsoid TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesised and stabilised by tri-sodium citrate dehydrate for brine flooding of water-wet Berea sandstone cores. Careful characterisation of the rock samples and nanomaterials before and after the flooding was conducted, and the relative contributions to the modified flooding results from the stabiliser and the nanoparticles of different concentrations were examined. The oil recovery performance was evaluated both at break-through (BT) point and at the end of flooding (~3.2 pore volumes). Nanoparticle migration behavior was also investigated in order to understand the potential mechanisms for oil recovery. The results showed that both nanoparticle transport rate and EOR effect were strongly dependent on the particle concentration. The oil recovery efficiency at the BT point was found to increase at low nanoparticle concentrations but decrease at higher values. A maximum 33% increase of the recovery factor was observed at the BT point for a TiO 2 concentration of 20 ppm, but higher nanoparticle concentrations usually had higher ultimate recovery factors. The presence of oil phase was found to accelerate the particle migration though the core. The discussion of various mechanisms suggested that the improvement in the mobility ratio, possible wettability change and log-jamming effect were responsible for the observed phenomena.

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“…These problems have generated a huge amount of research in the past (e.g. Waxman and Smits, 1968;Clavier et al, 1984), which is reviewed in Glover (2015). The classical Archie's laws were based upon experimental determinations.…”

Section: Traditional Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new theoretical interpretation of Archie's saturation exponent

Glover

2017

Solid Earth

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Abstract. This paper describes the extension of the concepts of connectedness and conservation of connectedness that underlie the generalized Archie's law for n phases to the interpretation of the saturation exponent. It is shown that the saturation exponent as defined originally by Archie arises naturally from the generalized Archie's law. In the generalized Archie's law the saturation exponent of any given phase can be thought of as formally the same as the phase (i.e. cementation) exponent, but with respect to a reference subset of phases in a larger n-phase medium. Furthermore, the connectedness of each of the phases occupying a reference subset of an n-phase medium can be related to the connectedness of the subset itself byi . This leads naturally to the idea of the term S n i i for each phase i being a fractional connectedness, where the fractional connectednesses of any given reference subset sum to unity in the same way that the connectednesses sum to unity for the whole medium. One of the implications of this theory is that the saturation exponent of any phase can be now be interpreted as the rate of change of the fractional connectedness with saturation and connectivity within the reference subset.

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Geophysical Properties of the Near Surface Earth: Electrical Properties

Cited by 121 publications

References 220 publications

Measurements of the Relationship Between Microstructure, pH, and the Streaming and Zeta Potentials of Sandstones

Measurements of the Relationship Between Microstructure, pH, and the Streaming and Zeta Potentials of Sandstones

Nanoparticle-Assisted Water-Flooding in Berea Sandstones

A new theoretical interpretation of Archie's saturation exponent

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