Geophysical Prospection of Underground Water in the Desert by Means of Electromagnetic Interference Fringes

El-Said, Mostafa

doi:10.1109/jrproc.1956.274846

Cited by 40 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The multi-frequency reflection technique uses several antenna centre frequencies in the same spatial position (El-Said, 1956;Tsoflias and Becker, 2008).…”

Section: Field Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The common offset technique was used in 3 cases and CMP in another. The pioneer GPR application of El-Said (1956) in the Egyptian desert used multi-frequency reflection with low antenna frequencies for prospecting the water table below 600 m depth at two sites. Apart from these outliers, the maximum prospecting depth usually varied in the 2.5-16 m range, with an average value of 9.3 m (Fig.…”

Section: Geological Environments Favouring Gdementioning

confidence: 99%

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Current uses of ground penetrating radar in groundwater-dependent ecosystems research

Paz

Alcalá

Carvalho

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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“…The multi-frequency reflection technique uses several antenna centre frequencies in the same spatial position (El-Said, 1956;Tsoflias and Becker, 2008).…”

Section: Field Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological Environments Favouring Gdementioning

confidence: 99%

Current uses of ground penetrating radar in groundwater-dependent ecosystems research

Paz

Alcalá

Carvalho

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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“…This accidental observation led Waite and Schmidt [] to demonstrate that a radar altimeter (the SCR 718 operating at 440 MHz) could measure the thickness of the polar glaciers, thus starting the era of radio echo sounding (RES) [ Annan , ]. A few years earlier, El‐Said [] had attempted to determine the depth to the water table in a desert soil using the interference between direct air‐transmitted signals and signals reflected from the top of the water table, showing that radio waves can also penetrate dry geological materials. It is now known that the radio wave absorption characteristics of ice and dry sand are more the exception than the rule, as the presence of water (especially when rich in electrolytes) in rock and soil pores can greatly enhance radio wave absorption [e.g., Stillman and Grimm , ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two different experiments involving subsurface radio wave propagation were tested during the Apollo 17 mission: the surface electrical properties (SEP) experiment onboard the Lunar Roving Vehicle [ Simmons et al, ] and the Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment (ALSE) onboard the Apollo spacecraft [ Porcello et al, ]. SEP, based on the technique developed by El‐Said [], was devoted to examine the electrical properties of the upper portion of the lunar subsurface (about 2 km) and showed that the investigated layer behaves like a dielectric insulator. ALSE, instead, was a coherent surface penetrating radar operating at three different frequencies (5–5.5, 15–16.5, and 150–166 MHz) that imaged the bottom of various buried craters and detected several subsurface geological units, like those in Mare Crisium, up to a depth of about 1000–1400 m [ Maxwell and Phillips , ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dielectric properties of Jovian satellite ice analogs for subsurface radar exploration: A review

Pettinelli

Cosciotti

Paolo

et al. 2015

Reviews of Geophysics

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The first European mission dedicated to the exploration of Jupiter and its icy moons (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer-JUICE) will be launched in 2022 and will reach its final destination in 2030. The main goals of this mission are to understand the internal structure of the icy crusts of three Galilean satellites (Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) and, ultimately, to detect Europa's subsurface ocean, which is believed to be the closest to the surface among those hypothesized to exist on these moons. JUICE will be equipped with the 9 MHz subsurface-penetrating radar RIME (Radar for Icy Moon Exploration), which is designed to image the ice down to a depth of 9 km. Moreover, a parallel mission to Europa, which will host onboard REASON (Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface) equipped with 9MHz and 60MHz antennas, has been recently approved by NASA. The success of these experiments strongly relies on the accurate prediction of the radar performance and on the optimal processing and interpretation of radar echoes that, in turn, depend on the dielectric properties of the materials composing the icy satellite crusts. In the present review we report a complete range of potential ice types that may occur on these icy satellites to understand how they may affect the results of the proposed missions. First, we discuss the experimental results on pure and doped water ice in the framework of the Jaccard theory, highlighting the critical aspects in terms of a lack of standard laboratory procedures and inconsistency in data interpretation. We then describe the dielectric behavior of extraterrestrial ice analogs like hydrates and icy mixtures, carbon dioxide ice and ammonia ice. Building on this review, we have selected the most suitable data to compute dielectric attenuation, velocity, vertical resolution, and reflection coefficients for such icy moon environments, with the final goal being to estimate the potential capabilities of the radar missions as a function of the frequency and temperature ranges of interest for the subsurface sounders. We present the different subsurface scenarios and associated radar signal attenuation models that have been proposed so far to simulate the structure of the crust of Europa and discuss the physical and geological nature of various dielectric targets potentially detectable with RIME. Finally, we briefly highlight several unresolved issues that should be addressed, in near future, to improve our capability to produce realistic electromagnetic models of icy moon crusts. The present review is of interest for the geophysical exploration of all solar system bodies, including the Earth, where ice can be present at the surface or at relatively shallow depths.

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“…The GPR allows to investigation a slice of ground and water, ice and snow. The step of sounding of 5-30 cm provides a high degree of detail of studying of the 20-30 cm geological layers up to depths of 20 m and more [2]. The method allows data processing in the real time mode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the Ground Penetrating Radar Methods for paleontology on example of the mammoth fauna investigation

Lukjanov¹,

Stepanov²,

Chernyi³

et al. 2007

2007 European Microwave Conference

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In the paper, methods of ground penetrating radar (GPR) are investigated with the purpose of wild animal remains detection, in particular, borders of the mammoth valley and character of the bone fragments. Object of researches are radar methods and GPR systems, a method of detection of the mammoths burial zones, algorithms of processing and representation of the paleontologic data. GPR researches in total amount of 12,000 meters of the GPR profiles are carried out by Radar R&D on terrain "Lugovskoe" (25 kms from Khanty-Mansiysk). As a result of investigations, the congestion zone of the bone remain of mammoths are found out. From the results of experimental researches, the GPR method is practically approved for monitoring of subsurface media with the purpose of revealing the zones interesting for paleontology. The technique of GPR researches is fulfilled and its efficiency is appreciated.

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Geophysical Prospection of Underground Water in the Desert by Means of Electromagnetic Interference Fringes

Cited by 40 publications

References 1 publication

Current uses of ground penetrating radar in groundwater-dependent ecosystems research

Current uses of ground penetrating radar in groundwater-dependent ecosystems research

Dielectric properties of Jovian satellite ice analogs for subsurface radar exploration: A review

Use of the Ground Penetrating Radar Methods for paleontology on example of the mammoth fauna investigation

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