Geosiphon pyriforme (Kützing) von Wettstein, a Promising System for Studying Endocyanoses

Kluge, Manfred; Mollenhauer, Dieter; Mollenhauer, Resi

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78568-9_7

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Knapp (1933) recognised Geosiphon as a fungus with endosymbiotic cyanobacteria and described it as an intracellular phycomycetal lichen. Today it is clear that the fungal partner is a zygomycete, and the cyanobacteria usually Nostoc punctiforme, but other Nostoc species are also able to take part in this sym biosis (Kluge et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The apical two thirds of the mature bladders contain the Nostoc filaments, which are located in a single, sack-formed, peripheral com partment, and many centrally located vacuoles. Fungal cy toplasm in the basal portion contains many lipid droplets, but no cyanobacteria (Kluge et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biology of Geosiphon pyriforme has been reviewed by and Kluge et al (1993), the ultrastructure was investigated by Schnepf (1964). The latter study contributed substantially to the formulation of Schnepf s theorem of compartmentation of the eucaryotic cell and provided strong arguments in favour of the endosymbiosis theory of cell evolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geosiphon pyriforme, an Endosymbiotic Association of Fungus and Cyanobacteria: the Spore Structure Resembles that of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi

et al. 1994

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The zygomycete Geosiphon pyriforme is the only known endocyanosis of a fungus. The Nostoc spp. filaments are included in photosynthetically active and nitrogen fixing, multinucleated bladders, which grow on the soil surface. The spores of the fungus are white or slightly brownish. They are about 250 μm in diameter and develop singly on hyphal ends or, less frequently, intercalarly. The wall of the spores consists of a thin innermost layer, a laminated inner layer with a thickness of about 10–13 μm, and an evanescent outer layer. The laminated layer is composed of helicoidally arranged microfibrils, and is separated from the evanescent outer layer by a thin electron‐dense sublayer. Polarisation microscopy indicates the occurrence of chitin. Shape and wall ultrastructure of the Geosiphon spores and their cytoplasm resemble that of Glomus spores, but are different from that of other genera of the Glomales and Endogonales. Germination occurs by a single thick hyphal outgrowth directly through the spore wall. Like various AM forming fungi, Geosiphon pyriforme contains endocytic bacteria‐like organisms, which are not surrounded by a host membrane. Our observations indicate that Geosiphon is a potential AM fungus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geosiphon pyriforme, an Endosymbiotic Association of Fungus and Cyanobacteria: the Spore Structure Resembles that of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi

et al. 1994

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“…First, Winfrenatia reticulata [15,16] is an unusual algal-fungal structure with a thallus made of aseptate hyphae (= coenocytic), which forms depressions harbouring coccoid cyanobacteria (Fig. 3a), whereas in modern lichens, phototrophic algal cells are surrounded by a thick sheath of hyphae, and the fungi are septate (Table 1; the only exception is the likely recent Geosiphon pyriforme, in which a non-septate fungus harbours intracellular Nostoc [17] Ericaceae and Orchids (endomycorrhizae); some of (Basidiomycetes) free-living (probably the previous mycorrhizal fungi form saprophytic) paramycorrhizae in some liverworts; some clades form lichens (ca. 2% of lichens); many clades are also symptomless plant endophytes well-known Lagerstätten (i.e., deposit with exceptional fossil preservation, whose strata have not been compressed or deformed later through geological time).…”

Section: Fossil Lichensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins of the terrestrial flora: A symbiosis with fungi?

Selosse

Strullu‐Derrien

2015

BIO Web of Conferences

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Abstract. Land phototrophs need to exploit both atmosphere (providing gas and light) and substrate (furnishing water and minerals). Yet, their algal ancestors were poorly preadapted to such a life at the interface. We review the paleontological evidence that fungal symbioses which can exploit substrate resources, helped adaptation to land constraints. Diverse structures dating back to the Devonian present convincing evidence for lichens, (symbioses between fungi and microscopic algae) but fossils remain scarce, so that early lichen abundance and ecological relevance remain questionable. Several enigmatic but abundant fossils from the Siluro-Devonian, such as Spongiophyton or the giant Prototaxites (Nematophytes), likely represent fungus-algal symbioses, which shaped early terrestrial ecosystems. Yet, these taxa are fully extinct, and do not have clear affinities with extant groups. Finally, terrestrialization of Embryophyta (land plants), which currently dominate land ecosystems, is linked to a symbiosis with Glomeromycetes. Today, these fungi form arbuscular mycorrhizae, which help most Embryophyta to exploit soil, and molecular data combined with paleontological evidence support the idea that this type of association is ancestral. The role of symbiotic Mucoromycetes during terrestrialization is not fully understood and mycorrhizal association diversified later in the evolution of Embryophyta. Fungal-algal symbioses thus recurrently contributed to terrestrialization of phototrophs.

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“…Poikilohydric organisms evolving contemporaneously with (or slightly earlier than) the homoiohydric sporophytes of vascular plants have present-day representatives which fix N # (e.g. lichens with cyanobacteria as their sole, or secondary, non-fungal component ; the Nostoc\Zygomycete symbiosis (not a lichen sensu stricto) Geosiphon ; liverworts such as Blasia ; and hornworts such as Anthoceros), which again can extend the range of habitats occupied by photolithotrophic N # -fixers on land beyond that available to free-living cyanobacteria, again with implications for the quantity of combined N entering terrestrial ecosystems (Sprent & Raven, 1992 ;Kluge, Mollenhauer & Mollenhauer, 1994). We note that the earliest known lichen (Winfrenatia reticulata from the Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert) involved a Zygomycete related to the mycobiont of Geosiphon and of arbuscular mycorrhizas (extant lichens involve Ascomycetes or, rarely, Basidiomycetes) and a cyanobacterium related to the extant Gloeocapsa and Chroococcidiopsis (Taylor et al, 1997), and was thus unlikely to have fixed N # .…”

Section:         mentioning

confidence: 99%

The past, present and future of nitrogenous compounds in the atmosphere, and their interactions with plants

Raven

Yin

1998

New Phytologist

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Ammonia was necessary for the origin of life. However, NH3 would not have been a significant component of the neutral or mildly reducing (N2, CO2, H2O) atmosphere which characterized the Hadean earth (>3·8 Gyr ago), especially in view of the u.v. lability of NH3, the greater u.v. output of the young sun than pertains today, and the absence of an atmospheric u.v. screen. Heterogeneous phase reactions, following atmospheric chemistry, have been proposed as a prebiotic NH3 source. Lightning, or bolides (meteorites and comets), generated NOx., and Fe2+ in the sea could have reduced NO2− resulting from the NOx. to NH4+; this disequilibrium NH4+ level could have supported the production of the nitrogenous organic building blocks of life. NOx. and NHy thus could both have had important roles in the origin and evolution of life. Burgeoning biota could soon have depleted abiotically generated NH4+, and biological N2 fixation could have evolved in its present Fe‐demanding, O2‐sensitive forms in the Archaean O2‐free, Fe2+‐rich environment. Organic matter could have driven biological denitrification reactions based on NO2− and NO3− generated abiologically using some redox components which evolved in earlier chemolithotrophs and photolithotrophs, regenerating atmospheric NOx. and producing N2O. Any atmospheric NH3 leaking from oceanic biology would have been subject to u.v. breakdown and rain‐out. Although O2‐evolving photosynthesis probably began in the Archean some 3·5 Gyr ago, any O2 accumulation was local until 2·0 Gyr ago (Proterozoic) due to consumption by oxidation of Fe2+ and S2−. However, localized O2 accumulation before 2·0 Gyr ago could account for the observed early evolution of cytochrome oxidase and the possibility of O2‐consuming chemolithotrophic and chemoorganotrophic nitrification, with further possibilities of NOx. production. Oxygen accumulation globally from 2·0 Gyr onwards coincided approximately with the evolution of eukaryotes, which contributed phagotrophy to the reactions of the N cycle as well as the nutrification‐like aerobic production of NO. by nitric oxide synthetase, while lightning and bolides could now generate NO. from N2 and O2. Evidence for terrestrial ecosystems is found from 1·0 Gyr onwards; NOx. and NH3 generated by terrestrial biota stands a greater chance of escaping to the atmosphere than do these compounds generated in the sea where recycling within the water body is likely. As CO2 levels fell and O2 levels rose, NH3 cycling in the photorespiratory carbon oxidation cycle might have been evident as early as 1 Gyr ago, although this does not seem to be a major contributor to atmospheric NH3 today. Embryophyte evolution on land 450 Myr ago, together with symbionts and biophages, increased primary productivity and N cycling on land, with greater quantitative possibilities for NOx. and NH3 escape to the atmosphere. The evolution of lignin (and related phenylpropanoids) at least 400 Myr ago, with associated NH3 recycling in vascular land plant, does not seem (on present evidence) to incre...

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Geosiphon pyriforme (Kützing) von Wettstein, a Promising System for Studying Endocyanoses

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

Geosiphon pyriforme, an Endosymbiotic Association of Fungus and Cyanobacteria: the Spore Structure Resembles that of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi

Geosiphon pyriforme, an Endosymbiotic Association of Fungus and Cyanobacteria: the Spore Structure Resembles that of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi

Origins of the terrestrial flora: A symbiosis with fungi?

The past, present and future of nitrogenous compounds in the atmosphere, and their interactions with plants

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