Geothermal and Hot Spring Water Origin Determination Using Oxygen and Hydrogen Stable Isotope in the Toyohirakawa Catchment, Hokkaido, Japan

Metal concentrations of sampled bryophytes varied widely and increased depending on the metal contamination conditions. The highest values in bryophytes were several 10,000 ppm for Cu and Zn, 100,000 ppm for Pb, several 1,000 for As and a few 100 ppm for W. Bryophytes are therefore considered to be an effective index of Cu, Zn, Pb, As, and W contaminations. However, the heavy metal concentration in bryophytes at a W mine was low and the heavy metal concentration in other plants showed a higher concentration than that of bryophytes. The presence of W is thought to be the cause of the decrease in the heavy metal concentrations in bryophytes. The other possibility is that only bryophytes with a low copper concentration can grow. The highest Zn concentrations in a cruciferous species reached several 10,000 ppm among sampled plants. The Cu and Zn concentrations in both cicada shells and adult cicadas were not always high at metal mines. Therefore, Cu and Zn concentrations of cicada shells were not effective as a Cu and Zn contamination index. Pb and As concentrations in cicada shells at Pb and As mines were higher than those for non-Pb and non-As contaminated areas and were higher than those in cicada adults. Therefore, cicadas were thought to release Pb and As into their shells during molting and maintain high concentrations of Pb and As in their cicada shells. Pb and As concentrations in cicada shells were thought to be an effective contamination index.

Section: Bryophytesupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Bryophytementioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Bryophytementioning

confidence: 72%

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Effectiveness of Bryophytes and Cicada Shells as a Bio-Index for Heavy Metal Contamination of River Water and Soil

Ii¹

2023

“…Exploration of geothermal systems is a well developed field of research including the use of geochemistry [19] and geophysics [20]. The concept of using existing downward flowing water to sequester CO2 through mineralization has not been previously considered and may have significant barriers and limitations.…”

Section: Potential Disposal Of Co2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for Descending Meteoric Water Recharge in Hydrothermal Systems as a Pathway for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

Smith¹

2022

The storage of carbon dioxide in secure underground sites has been identified as an important contributor to preventing climate change impacts of excessive CO2 in the atmosphere. Significant quantities of carbon dioxide must be collected and stored for this technology to make the required contribution to climate change abatement. The carbon dioxide can be stored as a gas, supercritical fluid or a solid by mineralization. Most attention has been on reservoirs which are depleted in oil or gas or in saline aquifers more generally. Trapping gas or supercritical fluid requires a setting similar to the natural trapping of gases in sub-surface sedimentary rock reservoirs. The most advanced high-volume projects focus on the trapping of supercritical fluids. Pumping carbon dioxide into basalt host rocks to promote carbonate mineralization is also being undertaken. In this paper another environment in which CO2 is naturally introduced into geological materials and stored below ground is reviewed. The environment is natural hydrothermal systems which are commonly found around magmatically active locations. In these areas it is common for the cool near-surface (meteoric) water to descend as a replacement (recharge) of the warm or hot magmatic water in the hydrothermal-magmatic system. The descending CO2 can react with existing rocks and minerals to form carbonates of calcium and other cations. It is proposed that introduction of CO2 into naturally descending meteoric water recharge in hydrothermal systems may be a mechanism for CO2 sequestration by mineral trapping. Further investigation of this process and its potential is proposed.

“…Isotope values are connected to the international standard lines V-SMOW to explain the origin of the geothermal water, whether the water is meteoric, magmatic or a mixture of both [60,61]. Based on the stable isotope plot (Fig 9), the water of hot spring pond (KP) is originated from meteoric water.…”

Section: Isotope Plotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical Investigation on Jaboi Manifestation, Jaboi Volcano, Sabang, Indonesia

Idroes¹

2021

Geochemical studies have been conducted in the geothermal system of Jaboi manifestation, Sabang, Aceh. There are three sub-area of geothermal water sites in this area, that are production-injection wells of PT Sabang Geothermal Energy, Jaboi crater, and hot spring pond. The fumaroles were also found in the Jaboi crater. The mineral contents were analyzed by ion chromatography, alkalimetry, and spectrophotometry, the isotope was determined by Laser Absorption Spectrophotometer, while the gas contents were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-TCD. The obtained data were used to estimate the reservoir temperature by using geothermometers, FT-HSH diagram, and CH4/CO2-H2/Ar diagram. The graphical analysis were also done to obtain chemical and physical characteristics. The water analysis showed that the reservoir temperatures were in range of 253.2-416.5 °C. The water types of production-injection wells, Jaboi crater and hot spring pond were chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate-sulphate mixtures, respectively. The fluid equilibria showed that only production well was mature water while the other sites were immature ones. The water composition source of production-injection wells and hot spring pond were marine sedimentary rocks, Jaboi crater JK1 and JK4 were magmatic gas, and Jaboi crater JK2 was hot rock. The water origin of production-injection wells were both magmatic and meteoric, Jaboi craters were magmatic water, and hot spring pond was meteoric water. The gas analysis in Jaboi crater fumaroles showed that the reservoir temperature were in range of 196.9-362.8 ºC, and the gas origin were earth's crust. The reservoir temperatures showed a high-temperature geothermal system which is suitable for power plant.