23Mahoney Lake is a permanently anoxic and sulfidic (euxinic) lake that has a dense plate of 24 purple sulfur bacteria positioned at mid-water depth (~ 7 m) and sulfide within the monimolimnion (δ 34 S SO4-H2S = 51‰) and within pore waters along the oxic 30 margin (δ 34 S SO4-H2S >50‰) are consistent with sulfate reduction in both the sediments and the 31 anoxic water column. Given the high sulfide concentrations of the lake, sulfur disproportionation 32 is likely inoperable or limited to a very narrow zone in the chemocline, and therefore the large 33 instantaneous fractionations are best explained by the microbial process of sulfate reduction. 34Pyrite extracted from the sediments reflects the isotopic composition of water column sulfide, 35suggesting that pyrite buried in the euxinic depocenter of the lake formed in the water column. 36The offset between sulfate and dissolved sulfide decreases at the chemocline (δ 34 S SO4-H2S = 37 37‰), a trend possibly explained by elevated sulfate reduction rates and inconsistent with 38 appreciable disproportionation within this interval. Water column sulfate exhibits a linear 39 response in δ 18 O SO4 -δ 34 S SO4 and the slope of this relationship suggests relatively high sulfate 40 reduction rates that appear to respond to seasonal changes in the productivity of purple sulfur 41 bacteria. Although photosynthetic activity within the microbial plate influences the δ 18 O SO4 -δ 34 S 42 relationship, the biosignature for photosynthetic sulfur bacteria is restricted to the oxic/anoxic 43 transition zone and is apparently minor relative to the more prevalent process of sulfate reduction 44 operative throughout the light-deprived deeper anoxic water column and sediment pore waters. 45 46