Germ cell tumors in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus

Abstract

A novel approach for the fabrication of multifunctional microspheres integrating several advantages of mesoporous, luminescence, and temperature responses into one single entity is reported. First, the hollow mesoporous silica capsules are fabricated via a sacrificial template route. Then, Gd2O3:Eu3+ luminescent nanoparticles are incorporated into the internal cavities to form rattle‐type mesoporous silica nanocapsules by an incipient‐wetness impregnation method. Finally, the rattle‐type capsules serve as a nanoreactor for successfully filling temperature‐responsive hydrogel via photoinduced polymerization to form the multifunctional composite microspheres. The organic–inorganic hybrid microspheres show a red emission under UV irradiation due to the luminescent Gd2O3:Eu3+ core. The in vitro cytotoxicity tests show that the samples have good biocompatibility, which indicates that the nanocomposite could be a promising candidate for drug delivery. In addition, flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) confirm that the sample can be effectively taken up by SKOV3 cells. For in vitro magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the sample shows the promising spin‐lattice relaxation time (T1) weighted effect and could potentially apply as a T1‐positive contrast agent. This composite drug delivery system (DDS) provides a positive temperature controlled “on‐off”drug release pattern and the drug, indomethacin (IMC), is released fast at 45 °C (on phase) and completely shut off at 20 °C (off phase). Meanwhile Gd2O3:Eu3+ plays an important role as the luminescent tag for tracking the drug loading and release process by the reversible luminescence quenching and recovery phenomenon. These results indicate that the obtained multifunctional composite has the potential to be used as a smart DDS for biomedical applications.

Increased risk of histologically defined cancer subtypes in human immunodeficiency virus–infected individuals

“…19,20 Furthermore, mumps virus, EBV, human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus, and parvovirus B19 have each been suggested, but not established, as potentially associated with germ cell tumors of the testes. 14,21,22 As we report here, persons with AIDS have an elevated risk for testicular seminoma. 14 Associations with hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus have been reported for immunoproliferative diseases and, in particular, Waldenström macroglobulinemia.…”

“…Although it has been suggested that infection with simian virus 40, which contaminated some polio vaccines in the 1950s and 1960s, may be associated with the development of mesothelioma, the most recent laboratory and epidemiologic studies have not supported this hypothesis 19, 20. Furthermore, mumps virus, EBV, human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus, and parvovirus B19 have each been suggested, but not established, as potentially associated with germ cell tumors of the testes 14, 21, 22. As we report here, persons with AIDS have an elevated risk for testicular seminoma 14.…”

Radiotherapy for patients with the human immunodeficiency virus: Are special precautions necessary?

“…However, many patients in these and other series did report significant declines in CD4 counts of 100/mm 3 to 200mm 3 72,75 . Some pre-cART reports report opportunistic infections following radiotherapy 76-78 , but few of the recently treated patients have developed opportunistic infections as a result of CD4 declines 70,71,74,79 . A large Italian series reported grade 3 and 4 toxicity in nearly half the patients evaluated but no difference between HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients 70 .…”

Outcome of patients with HIV-related germ cell tumours: a case–control study

“…These non-AIDS-defining tumours are relatively rare, and published series have been small. Therefore, accurately assessing the outcome of these patients and the influence of HIV on the course of GCT have been difficult (Damstrup et al, 1989;Moyle et al, 1991;Bernardi et al, 1995;Timmerman et al, 1995;Hentrich et al, 1996;Fizazi et al, 2001).…”