Germanium recovery from gasification fly ash: Evaluation of end-products obtained by precipitation methods

Arroyo, F.; Font, Oriol; Fernández‐Pereira, Constantino; Querol, Xavier; Juan, Roberto; Ruiz, Carolina Castillo; Coca, P.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.021

Cited by 54 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Taking into account refining efficiencies of 68% from hydrometallurgically processed Zn concentrate, 5,302 t of potentially recoverable Ge were not extracted (section 2.2.1 in the supporting information on the Web). Further, we estimate a recoverable amount of 1,910 t as losses, considering a very conservative extraction efficiency of 50% from fly ash (Harbuck ; Li et al ; Arroyo et al ) (section 2.2.2 in the supporting information on the Web).…”

Section: Substance Flow Analyses Of Scarce Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Substance Flow Analysis of Gallium, Germanium, and Indium: Quantification of Extraction, Uses, and Dissipative Losses within their Anthropogenic Cycles

Licht¹,

Peiró²,

Villalba³

2015

J of Industrial Ecology

133

122

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SummaryThis study provides a global substance flow analysis for gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), and indium (In) for 2011, quantifying the amount of metal lost during extraction, beneficiation/smelting/refining, manufacturing of intermediate products, and the amount embodied in end-use products. Thus far, studies illustrating their cradle to end-use life cycle on a global scale are either missing or outdated, and thus opportunities to increase their supply remain unknown and/or not quantified. The results illustrate the losses and inefficiencies stages, thereby identifying potential additional supply by process improvement, recovery, and recycling. Results show that there are significant opportunities to meet future demand of Ga and Ge by concentrating recovery efforts in the extraction and beneficiation/smelting/refining stages. Further, 1.4% Ga, 0.7% Ge, and 54% In of the theoretical available amount in the attractor ores are extracted to meet the primary refined demand in 2011. Of the 9,065 tonnes (t) of Ga embodied in the Bayer liquor (from aluminum production), only 263 t are refined. This is owing to low capacities of Ga refining, combined with a refining efficiency of 60%. Ge presents a similar case for the same reasons, in which only 43 t of Ge of the 7,636 t of Ge available from zinc leach residue are refined. Meeting future In demand, on the other hand, will require greater efforts in increasing end-of-life recycling. Process efficiencies for Ga (46%), Ge (56%), and In (78%) demonstrate further potential. We quantify the flows into use by distinguishing among dissipative and nondissipative end uses, as well as the recyclable fraction for each metal for 2011. Keywords:criticality industrial ecology metal demand scarce metals sustainable metal management waste Supporting information is available on the JIE Web site

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Section: Substance Flow Analyses Of Scarce Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Substance Flow Analysis of Gallium, Germanium, and Indium: Quantification of Extraction, Uses, and Dissipative Losses within their Anthropogenic Cycles

Licht¹,

Peiró²,

Villalba³

2015

J of Industrial Ecology

133

122

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“…In the first step, material is usually leached in aqueous solutions of sulphuric [9,10,13], oxalic acid [12,14], or alkalis [15]. Then, germanium may be recovered from solutions by precipitation with tannic acid [10,16,17], sulphide [18], catechol-cetyltrimethylammonium [18], GeCl 4 distillation [4,19,20], solvent extraction [15,[21][22][23], ion-exchange techniques [24][25][26][27]. Pyrometallurgical methods like vacuum metallurgical process [28,29] may be also applied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germanium and Indium Recovery from Zinc Metallurgy by-Products—Dross Leaching in Sulphuric and Oxalic Acids

Drzazga

Prajsnar

Chmielarz

et al. 2018

Metals

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Leaching of the dross containing 28.7% Sn, 18.0 Pb, 10.6% Cu, 8.9% Ge, 8.1% Zn, and 2.7% In in sulphuric and oxalic acid solution was investigated. The dross was obtained from thermal oxidation of by-product alloy generated during a New Jersey (NJ) zinc rectification process. The influence of different process conditions (temperature, time, acid concentration, and solid to liquid ratio) on leaching yield of the main components was determined. Additionally, the impact of oxidant (hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, manganese (IV) oxide) addition on leachabilities was investigated. Germanium leaching yields exceeding 80% were observed for both sulphuric and oxalic acid solutions. Indium leachability in H 2 C 2 O 4(aq) was found at the level of 20%, while in H 2 SO 4(aq) , it strongly depends on process temperature, and reached 80% at 80 • C.

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“…Gasification coal fly ashes (GCFAs) containing germanium can be leached with water to dissolve germanium as water-soluble species [5]. Several processes have been developed to recover and separate germanium from impurities such as precipitation [6], flotation [7], ion-exchange [8], distillation [2], adsorption [9], liquid-liquid extraction (LLX) [10], and supported liquid membrane (SLM) [11][12][13]. Among these techniques, the LLX processes have been extensively applied to separate germanium from aqueous solutions [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Dispersive Extraction of Ge(IV) from Aqueous Solutions by Cyanex 923: Transport and Modeling Studies

Haghighi¹,

Irannajad²,

Coll³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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A transport process was studied from an aqueous solution containing oxalic acid and 100 mg/L Ge using a flat sheet supported liquid membrane (FSSLM) system. Cyanex 923 immobilized in a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane was employed as a carrier. The solution chemistry and related diagrams were applied to study the transport of germanium. The effectual parameters such as oxalic acid, carrier concentration, and strip reagent composition were evaluated in this study. Based on the results, the oxalic acid concentration of 0.075 mol/L and the carrier concentration of 20 %v/v were the condition in which the efficient germanium transport occurred. Among strip reagents, NaOH (0.04-0.1 mol/L) had the best efficiency to transport germanium through the SLM system. Furthermore, the permeation model was obtained to calculate the mass transfer resistances of the membrane (Δm) and feed (Δf) phases. According to the results, the values of 1 and 1345 s/cm were evaluated for Δm and Δf, respectively.

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Germanium recovery from gasification fly ash: Evaluation of end-products obtained by precipitation methods

Cited by 54 publications

References 20 publications

Global Substance Flow Analysis of Gallium, Germanium, and Indium: Quantification of Extraction, Uses, and Dissipative Losses within their Anthropogenic Cycles

Global Substance Flow Analysis of Gallium, Germanium, and Indium: Quantification of Extraction, Uses, and Dissipative Losses within their Anthropogenic Cycles

Germanium and Indium Recovery from Zinc Metallurgy by-Products—Dross Leaching in Sulphuric and Oxalic Acids

Non-Dispersive Extraction of Ge(IV) from Aqueous Solutions by Cyanex 923: Transport and Modeling Studies

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