Germanium, Tin, and Lead

Parr, Jonathan

doi:10.1016/b0-08-043748-6/02012-0

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 512 publications

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“…The behavior of carbon (also named carbon bonding in some studies) [111] is usually different because the rest of tetrels has a strong tendency to expand their valence. Indeed, the heavier tetrels tin and lead, which are commonly seen as metals, have rich coordination chemistry [117][118][119][120]. Furthermore, hypervalent species of silicon and germanium are very common [121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131].…”

Section: Tetrel Bondsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not Only Hydrogen Bonds: Other Noncovalent Interactions

2020

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In this review, we provide a consistent description of noncovalent interactions, covering most groups of the Periodic Table. Different types of bonds are discussed using their trivial names. Moreover, the new name “Spodium bonds” is proposed for group 12 since noncovalent interactions involving this group of elements as electron acceptors have not yet been named. Excluding hydrogen bonds, the following noncovalent interactions will be discussed: alkali, alkaline earth, regium, spodium, triel, tetrel, pnictogen, chalcogen, halogen, and aerogen, which almost covers the Periodic Table entirely. Other interactions, such as orthogonal interactions and π-π stacking, will also be considered. Research and applications of σ-hole and π-hole interactions involving the p-block element is growing exponentially. The important applications include supramolecular chemistry, crystal engineering, catalysis, enzymatic chemistry molecular machines, membrane ion transport, etc. Despite the fact that this review is not intended to be comprehensive, a number of representative works for each type of interaction is provided. The possibility of modeling the dissociation energies of the complexes using different models (HSAB, ECW, Alkorta-Legon) was analyzed. Finally, the extension of Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules to noncovalent is proposed.

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Section: Tetrel Bondsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not Only Hydrogen Bonds: Other Noncovalent Interactions

2020

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“…Parr published a brief review of the coordination chemistry of Pb(II) in 1997 [18], followed by a more extensive review on Pb complexes the Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II [19]. In a detailed review by Claudio et al [3], devoted to the fundamental coordination chemistry, environmental chemistry, and biochemistry of Pb(II), one of the sections describes structural investigations on Pb(II) complexes.…”

Section: Previous Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereochemistry of lead(II) complexes with oxygen donor ligands

Давидович

Stavila

Marinin

et al. 2009

Coordination Chemistry Reviews

225

132

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“…The last 20 or so years have seen much renewed interest in the organometallic and coordination chemistry of the main group elements fuelled by a combination of factors, including increased awareness of the chemical and structural diversity in this part of the periodic table, development of metal-free catalysts and reagents, new radio-imaging agents, as well as the discovery of unprecedented molecular complexes, clusters, and radicals, etc . Within Group 14, germanium compounds have attracted considerable interest, including germylenes, Ge–Ge bonded species, radicals, clusters, Ge-based catalysts, and precursors for semiconductor materials for technological applications …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyramidal Dicationic Ge(II) Complexes with Homoleptic Neutral Pnictine Coordination: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study

et al. 2021

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An unusual series of Ge(II) dicationic species with homoleptic phosphine and arsine coordination, [Ge(L)][OTf] 2 , L = 3 × PMe 3 , triphos (MeC(CH 2 PPh 2 ) 3 ), triars (MeC-(CH 2 AsMe 2 ) 3 ), or κ 3 -tetraphos (P(CH 2 CH 2 PPh 2 ) 3 ) (OTf − = O 3 SCF 3 − ) have been prepared by reaction of [GeCl 2 (dioxane)] with L and 2 mol equiv of Me 3 SiOTf in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (or MeCN for L = triars, triphos). X-ray crystal structures are reported for [Ge(PMe 3 ) 3 ][OTf] 2 , [Ge(triars)][OTf] 2 , and [Ge(κ 3tetraphos)][OTf] 2 , confirming homoleptic P 3 -or As 3 -coordination at Ge(II) in each case and with the discrete OTf − anions providing a charge balance. The Ge−P/As bond lengths are significantly shorter than those in neutral germanium(II) dihalide complexes with diphosphine or diarsine coordination. Solution NMR spectroscopic data indicate that the complexes are labile in solution. Using excess AsMe 3 and [GeCl 2 (dioxane)] gives only the neutral product, [Ge(AsMe 2 ) 2 (OTf) 2 ], the crystal structure of which shows four coordination at Ge(II), via two As donor atoms and an O atom from two κ 1 -OTf − ligands; further weak, long-range intermolecular interactions give a chain polymer. The electronic structure of the [Ge(PMe 3 ) 3 ] 2+ dication has been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The computed geometrical parameters for this dication are in good agreement with the experimental X-ray crystallographic values in [Ge(PMe 3 ) 3 ][OTf] 2 . The results also indicate that the pyramidal arrangement of the [Ge(PMe 3 ) 3 ] 2+ (computed P−Ge−P angle 96.8°at the B3LYP-D3 level) arises from a balance between electronic energy (E elec ) contributions, which favor a lower P−Ge−P angle, and nuclear−nuclear contributions (E nn ), which favor a higher P−Ge−P angle, to the total energy (E TOT ). An Atoms in Molecules (AIM) analysis reveals that one reason why E elec decreases as the P−Ge−P angle decreases is because of C•••H and H•••H interactions between atoms on different CH 3 groups. The stability of the [Ge(PMe 3 ) 3 ] 2+ dication is enhanced by the distribution of a significant part of the positive charge on Ge 2+ to the atomic centers of the PMe 3 ligands. Similar results were obtained for [Ge(AsMe 3 ) 3 ][OTf] 2 , showing the tris-AsMe 3 complex to be less stable compared to the PMe 3 analogue. Related calculations were also performed for the neutral [Ge(PMe 3 ) 2 (OTf) 2 ] and [Ge(AsMe 3 ) 2 (OTf) 2 ] complexes.

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Germanium, Tin, and Lead

Cited by 18 publications

References 512 publications

Not Only Hydrogen Bonds: Other Noncovalent Interactions

Not Only Hydrogen Bonds: Other Noncovalent Interactions

Stereochemistry of lead(II) complexes with oxygen donor ligands

Pyramidal Dicationic Ge(II) Complexes with Homoleptic Neutral Pnictine Coordination: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study

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